National Institute for Engineering Ethics Essay

NIEE produced Henry’s Daughters to raise awareness of the ethical aspects of engineering work, advance knowledge and understanding of professional standards and public obligations and expectations, improve skills in moral reasoning, and strengthen personal dedication to exemplary conduct. Executive Producers were Joseph Herkert, Michael Loui, William Marcy, Steven Nichols, and Jimmy Smith. The entire NIEE Executive Board members served as Senior Investigators and Technical Advisors. Discussion Questions Professional Issues 1. Are there ethical implications to Henry, a lobbyist, hosting the senator on his expensive yacht? 2. Is there a legal or ethical limit to the level at which Henry should host the senator? 3. Is there an accepted code of practice or ethics for lobbyists? If not, suggest a few ethical statements for lobbyists. 4. Was it ethical for Henry to pull strings to get Julie her internship? 5. To what extent should engineers consider the political factors and social impacts to their engineering work? Ethics and New Technology Issues 6. What are the responsibilities of engineers when developing new technologies whose risks are difficult to foresee? 7. If GUIDME has the â€Å"best† technology, why should cost and other factors matter? 8. Because the experience base for a new technology is limited, it is difficult to write technical specifications. If engineers believe that the specifications are inadequate for future needs, should they recommend a system with characteristics exceeding those specifications? Conflict of Interest 9. Was it appropriate for Henry and his daughters to work on the same project for different parties? 10. How should Laura and Henry have handled their apparent conflict of interest? 11. How should Laura and Julie have handled their apparent conflict of interest? 12. Was Laura given the project because of her engineering talents and work ethic or because of Henry’s connections? If so, this might be a conflict of interest. If you are involved in a conflict of interest, what should you do? Gender Issues 13. Does the appropriate response to sexual harassment depend on the setting – for example, whether one is in a situation with one’s peers vs. with one’s supervisor? 14. Are sexist comments disguised as â€Å"jokes† acceptable? 15. Would Henry or the senator have treated events differently if either or both of Henry’s children had been sons? 16. Does the fact that Laura and Julie are attractive enter into any part of the interaction? Should it? 17. Is there a’ glass ceiling’ issue in this story? 18. How should the engineering profession address either the glass ceiling with the men’s club issue? 19. Is it permissible for a male employee to put his hand on a female employee’s shoulders? Or vice versa? For a male employee to put his hand on another male employee’s shoulders? 20. Is it permissible for a male employee to complement the female employee’s appearance? Or vice versa? Intellectual Property Issues 21. What is proprietary information? 22. Are there ethical limits to what the sisters can share with each other about their work? 23. Is it appropriate for an engineer to discuss work matters with family members? 24. How should employees and engineers decide whether to share some of their information from work when they go home? 25. When and why might using unlicensed software be unethical? 26. Is Julie justified in feeling harmed by the fact that some work she did for OUTOCAR was used as a dissertation without giving her credit? Issues for Henry 27. What were the unethical actions of Henry? 28. What, if anything, did Henry do that was ethically laudable? Issues for Laura 29. What were the unethical actions of Laura? 30. What, if anything, did Lara do that was ethically laudable? Issues for Julie 31. What were Julie’s unethical actions? 32. What, if anything, did Julie do that was ethically laudable? 33. As a  new employee, one of the limits to the engineering work that she should perform? Issues for other characters 34. Given that the project was assured for GUIDEME, was it appropriate to assign the OUTOCAR project to Warren and Marty’s team? 35. Could Warren have done anything to swat the chain of unethical actions? How could he have ethically acted with the least residual damage? 36. Which of Barry’s actions were ethical? Unethical? 37. Was Julie treated appropriately by Barry, Warren, and Marty? 38. Was Marty’s treatment of Warren harassment? 39. Should Laura have said something about Marty’s treatment of Warren (like she did about the ogling of Julie)? 40. Which of Jeff’s actions were ethical? Unethical? Privacy Issues 41. Given that biometric information is information about the physical condition or characteristics of individuals, is there a problem with collecting biometric information about individual vehicle drivers and passengers? 42. Does tracking vehicle location cause a violation of privacy? 43. Why might a central computer network be more threatening to individual privacy and information security than a decentralized system? 44. Should individual privacy rights be trumped by the law enforcement and safety benefits to the public from collecting such information? Vice versa? Legal, regulatory, and political issues 45. Should Sen. Bob every accused himself from the investigative committee? If not, why not? Is there anything that he should have done differently as a member of the committee? 46. How does an organization’s cop culture affect how engineers practice? How might it affect dealings with ethical issues? With legal issues? Effective Communications 47. One team meeting is marked by tensions about getting the projector started. Do ethical obligations suffer when the team is dysfunctional? Is some degree of disagreement appropriate? When does conflict become counterproductive? 48. If you were to develop an ethical corporate or  organizational culture, how would you encourage workers to feel comfortable about speaking freely about ethical, safety, and legal issues, and see such discussions as an obligation? 49. What are some standards the leadership of an organization should consider when creating an environment that creates good working and communication conditions? How would you set the appropriate standards? How would you make sure that you have communicated those standards effectively so that people not only understand them but also believe you are serious about them? 50. Two organizations have an obligation to host sensitivity training for their managers and their engineers? 51. What is society taught people about sensitivity training? 52. How can sensitivity training be brought into the organization’s leadership practices? 53. How can sensitivity training be subsumed into the organizations culture? 54. What do you think you would do to promote trust and respect among your colleagues and other professionals in other departments? Safety issues 55. Do accidents just have been or are they caused? 56. Whose responsibility is it to make sure that reasonable care and attention is given to safety? a. The engineer – designer? b. The Department of Transportation employee? c. Anyone who observes the problem? 57. . Did both designs involve an adequate margin of error? 58. Since complete safety is unobtainable and safety comes at a cost, what is a reasonable amount of protection from failure? Making Decisions 59. What would engineering codes of ethics say about Henry’s activities? About Lars? 60. When making final decisions, was Henry trying to meet his ethical obligations within the constraints that he had? 61. What options did Henry have? 62. What options did Lara have? 63. What options they Julie have? 64. What did you have done if you would been: a. Henry? b. Lara? c. Julie? 65. Do you think that you would receive the same degree of criticism from your organization if you violated ethical standard compared to violating or missing a deadline or an objective? 66. Do you put ethical issues on the same level of importance as business objectives? Should you? Important elements of business relationships 67. What is the most critical element of effective relationships? Loyalty? Obedience? Money? Trust? Openness? Candor? Something else? 68. What role should trust play in our professional and personal interactions? 69. What role should candor play in a professional or personal relationship? 70. Would candor imply effective communications? 71. Could you envision one definition of ethics being â€Å"those activities and practices that enhance trust†? Why or why not? 72. Although you will gain many things during a professional career, other things can be taken away from you. Your job could be taken away (and it often is during economic downturns). a. What things can never be taken away, unless you allow them to be? Can your reputation for integrity be taken away? b. List several ways you could protect that reputation. 73. if someone says â€Å" I trust you,† how does this make you feel about the relationship Guidance for the future  In our day-to-day work, we tend to look up to our leaders, supervisors, and/or bosses for guidance and inspiration about how we conduct ourselves. If we imagined that we were the boss, we might ask additional questions. Imagine that you won’t an organization, have all the necessary money, and need to decide what to produce, where to produce it, how to produce it, and how to set up your organization. 74. What specific actions could you take as the boss to make sure that everyone in your organization felt that they should conduct themselves to the highest standards of professional conduct and professional ethics? 75. What specific attributes would you haven’t placing your organization to make sure that happened? 76. What would you do to make sure that everyone in your organization conducted themselves to the highest professional and ethical standards? Would some of the following actions come to mind? a. Clearly define your expectations of  professional/ethical actions b. communicate those expectations effectively and continuously c. Live the standards personally. What people see in actions is what they’re going to believe. d. Create candor and open communication in the environment so that anyone within the organization feels free to bring up and discuss their thoughts, opinions, and ideas, but most of all, they feel free to bring up their concerns, problems, and news, be it good or bad, without fear of suffering some sort of retribution or reprisal.

Jimmy Choo a Celebrity Brand

A Celebrity Brand Strategic Fashion Management A report by Psyche Kuo 2010-11-15 Contents 1. Introduction3 2. Shoes fit for a Princess3 3. Tamara Mellon Part co-owner, Part celebrity4 4. Power of Media6 5. Potential crises 8 * Fast fashion use the celebrities power * Celebrity brands * Celebrities’ scandals 6. Conclusion 9 7. Reference 10Introduction The following report will look at the influence of celebrities and the culture of celebrity lifestyle upon the success and the strategies adopted by Jimmy Choo. From the beginning of Jimmy Choo as a bespoke shoemaker to the takeover of Tamara Mellon, celebrities and red carpet media events which have always been associated with its name. The report will look at the past, present and possible future strategies influenced by celebrities and its culture. Shoes fit for a princess â€Å"The late Princess Diana who was a Choo shoes devotee, made him rise to further fame in 1990.Choo has made a mark on the fashion designing industry and in time was accepted as an iconic image of a classic and refined fashion designer in shoes and later in accessories. † Naomi Silveira (2010) The late Princess Diana would be the first significant figure that helped propel Jimmy Choo shoes from great, to extraordinary. Through history we can always identify luxury brands with a celebrity face, dating back to Chanel with Marilyn Monroe and Givenchy with Audrey Hepburn. It’s a key strategy that helps educate and promote the brand to the public, making the brand more desirable and more exclusive.However, Jimmy Choo did not endorse any celebrities at that time, Princess Diana was a customer of Jimmy Choo simply because she liked the design and comfort of the Shoe. Without Princess Diana, Jimmy Choo may have not achieved the success it has today, with such a public figure photographed wearing a pair of Jimmy Choo. Tamara Mellon – Part co owner, Part Celebrity â€Å"†¦, understood the importance of linking celebr ities to brands and was recognized as an important marketing communications tool. † Uche Okonkwo (2006)Tamara Mellon, former UK Vogue accessories editor, was looking out for out-of-the-ordinary designs that were both chic and attention grabbing. That’s when she approached Jimmy Choo and bought 50% of his company. With her relationship with the media and her strong networking skills, Tamara Mellon managed to help the company grow to worth ? 500 million. Tamara Mellon’s relationship with the media is a very important aspect to why Jimmy Choo succeeded in such a short time span. â€Å"Celebrities are extremely important and valuable to brands, especially in the luxury fashion sector. There is no argument about it.They wield enormous power in fashion circles and can contribute to making and breaking brands. † Uche Okonkwo (2006) If Tamara Mellon was not a public figure as she was, it would have been difficult for Jimmy Choo to achieve the level of â€Å" adve rtisement â€Å" and public awareness without having to invest a large number of capital and resources into this key area. It was hugely beneficial that the new co-owner Tamara Mellon was already a public figure and was able to use this to her advantage. Tamara Mellon realised that celebrity are the brand icon of this generation, an icon which conjures as a mental image or an opinion.This acts as an indirect metaphor to both corporate worlds. Just as brands and brands owners don’t necessarily coincide. Similarly, Jimmy Choo shoes aren’t made by Jimmy Choo. Jimmy Choo is no longer associated with its own brand design with Tamara Mellon whereas Jimmy Choo now focuses on Jimmy Choo Couture footwear. There are not many companies left that follow this tradition of shoes being designed by the company’s founder who brings Jimmy Choo to a few competitors which are Christian Louboutin and Manolo Blahnik.Regarding Tamara Mellon’s marketing strategy of penetration, celebrity endorsement which determines the wealth and success to the brand has lead to a factor where luxury brands appear lesser extent than consumer brands as luxury brands already have well-defined personalities. Power of Media â€Å"The rise of the cult of celebrity, in which everyone can be famous for 15 minutes, can be directly related to the rise of reality television and social networking sites. † PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (2007) The number of celebrity advertisements has doubled from 1996 to 2006. It was uring 1996 that Choo established his brand name Jimmy Choo in London with the assistance of Tamara Mellon. It is no coincidence that Jimmy Choo benefitted from the boom in celebrity endorsement during these ten years. Programmes such as â€Å"Sex and The City â€Å"are just an example of how strong an influence TV have on consumers. â€Å"But the real growth story of Jimmy Choo over the past 14 years has been the riding of a tidal wave of celebrity endorsements, as well as those gushing recommendations in Sex and the City. † Anonymous (2010) Without TV, Media and even Sex and the City, Jimmy Choo would not have become an instant household name.With millions of viewers, Sex and The City was the ideal catapult to make the name public to an even wider audience, even with the programme also â€Å" mentioning â€Å" rival brand Manolo Blahnik in the programme, this did not affect the sales or brand equity of Jimmy Choo. â€Å"Jimmy Choo is attractive to celebrities but they must have pushed it to celebrities as well because that is how you keep the brand in the public's mind – most designers now want to get their shoes on the red carpet because you get so much media coverage from that. † Maureen Hinton (2010)Disregarding that fact however, the lead analyst at the retail consultancy Veridct added that Jimmy Choo’s are attractive enough to stand on its own for it fashionable design. It was also commented that the medi a only acts as a reminder to the public’s mind about the brand’s image. This strengthens the foundations of Jimmy Choo’s defined image. Potential crises Celebrity endorsement is as easy as it sounds as it upholds several risks that are associated with brand communication strategy. If a luxury brand decided to use celebrity endorsement as a strategy, brands should meticulously evaluate their interconnections elements.Fast fashion use the celebrities power The current Jimmy Choo’s strategy that uses celebrity endorsement has a potential risk as the current fast market (mass production market) also uses celebrity power as a major marketing strategy. In examples to that are Gap which Sarah Jessica Parker promoting its brand and Top Shop which Kate Moss is anointed to design their clothing and accessories. Celebrity brands Celebrities’ brands indulge in brand extension and brand architectures. They now understand the importance and influence of personal branding and are exploiting it and also extending it to commercial branding.As a result, several celebrities have ventured into the fashion and accessories businesses and more are on the way. A few examples are such as Jennifer Lopez, Sean Combs and Jessica Simpsons. Celebrities’ scandals The biggest harmful factor that Jimmy Choo can come across as a brand image is from celebrity scandals as celebrities are easily exposed to the public and may get into controversies. An image of a celebrity holds a very important role to the brand it’s promoting. A scandal may lead to a negative connotation. Conclusion The media, TV and Public figures have always been synergetic with Jimmy Choo from the very Beginning.From the late Princess Diana, to Tamara Mellon, Sex and The City and countless of other celebrities photographed with a pair of â€Å" Jimmys†, Jimmy Choo’s main strategy was to use this â€Å" tidal wave of celebrity endorsement â€Å" to its full advan tage. For a new brand in a very competitive market, it was important to utilise this strength to compete with rival brands with a deeper heritage and history. Even though Jimmy Choo has always used celebrities and the media as its main source of advertisement, there are indications that t Jimmy Choo is diversifying its strategies by collaborating with other brands, such as H;amp;M and UGG.With so much reliance with its celebrity exposure, it is potential dangerous to solely rely its company’s future in such an unstable trend. With Collaborations with H;amp;M is a more stable and long-term strategy to appeal to a â€Å" different â€Å" target consumer. Jimmy Choo may be a shoe for the stars, but will eventually grow and establish themselves through other mediums. 1082 words (Excluding title page, direct quotations and references)Reference1. Anonymous, 2010. Jimmy Choo: The world's most valuable shoemaker, The Independent, [Online], Available at: http://www. independent. co. k/news/business/analysis-and-features/jimmy-choo-the-worlds-most-valuable-shoemaker-2076499. html [10 Oct 2010].

A Study On Sharing The Wealth Philosophy Essay

A Study On Sharing The Wealth Philosophy Essay There are many people in the world who are currently living in horrible conditions that include malnutrition, hunger, and polluted drinking water. While these people are living in such horrible conditions, I am living a comfortable life and have a habit of taking advantage of certain luxuries that are available to me, but not to someone living in such unfortunate conditions. If a global tax was instated in an attempt to end hunger by contributing a mere one dollar a week, then I would be more than willing to support this movement. There are some others who would agree to and support this tax, but there are also some who disagree with this tax. Different individuals who would have varying opinions on this idea for a global tax are Thomas Pogge, John McMillian, Peter Singer, and Garrett Hardin. Thomas Pogge, as shown in his essay, â€Å"World Poverty and Human Rights,† would seem to agree with the notion of a global tax to help aid those in need. He writes that we have duties, â€Å"not to expose people to life-threatening poverty and duties to shield them from harms for which we would be actively responsible† (Pogge 319). In other words, he believes that those who live in wealthier nations should not allow other people to fall to illnesses if they can afford not to. This would include leaving people to just starve when one can contribute a small portion of our funds to them. Pogge also discusses the topic of how richer countries, such as the United States, strip these poorer areas of their own natural resources. He does mention that these countries to pay for it, but there is a problem with this payment. â€Å"The payments we make for resource imports go to the rulers of the resource-rich countries, with no concern about whether they are democratically elected or at least minimally attentive to the needs to the people they rule† (Pogge 320). Although the richer nations may be paying for the resources they take away, they are paying to leade rs who may not share this payment fairly with those that they rule. With this idea in mind, perhaps Pogge would be even more supportive of this global tax if it could be guaranteed that the funds from the tax would be placed in the correct hands and those who need it will actually receive it. Peter Singer is another person who would agree to this notion of a global tax– to an extent. In his essay, â€Å"World Poverty and Hunger,† he states that, â€Å"I (Singer) begin with the assumption that suffering and death from lack of food, shelter, and medical care are bad† (Singer 332). It would be an obvious conclusion to come to from this that he would agree that everyone (who can afford to do so) contributing something to people who are suffering from those things would be a good thing. This is ratified when he states that, â€Å"if it is in our power to prevent something bad from happening, with-out thereby sacrificing anything of comparable moral importance, we ou ght, morally, to do it† (Singer 332). Again, this would lead to the conclusion that he would be in favor of this tax.

Business Plan for Online Portal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Plan for Online Portal - Essay Example It can be an individual or a group who wants the costume urgently and also the exact type for the theatrical portion. Ireland being a culturally active country, the need for quick access to the costumes either to buy or rent will always be required desperately. There are tremendous amount of requirement for quality costumes and of varied price ranges. There are numerous websites which will give you lot of options to purchase, rent or sell the costumes but it does not meet the need of each and every person. Either the prices are too high or the exact type of clothing is not available. In such cases what are your options' In fact there is none. The idea of this portal is to bridge the gap between the consumer and the vendor. There are many such vendors who are willing to perform online trade and as a matter of fact the count is quite large. All one needs is a common platform to trade. The business model is unique and one of a kind. Though this form of business is not unknown to the people, yet its usage in the costumes industry has never been thought of before. The idea of this paper is to look into the business perspective of the portal and analyse its various aspects, like SWOT, research methodologies and the analysis part which will provide the readers a proper overview of the viability of this project. The needs of costumes are required not only in Ireland but all over Europe, which is rich in cultural activities and hence the prospect lies in addressing such a need across Europe. However, initially the idea is to concentrate only in Ireland and that too in the field of costumes. Once the business has stabilized the other areas of theatre and drama will be taken into account also considering the prospect of spreading it against the other countries of Europe. The areas which are thought of are props, sets and theatre professionals. The basic idea or the USP of the business will remain the same. A common platform to rent, sell or buy the services as and when required. Also the prospect of identifying a large number of clients and vendors under the same roof is one of the USP for the business. 2. Literature Review There are quite a few websites which at present deal with the exchange, sell and buy of such costumes and other related services and products. There are costumes which are available for diverse range of occasions. These include the costumes required for television, film, Halloween, medieval or children's costumes. The modus operandi for such websites or online portals is relatively simpler. They have a few set suppliers or themselves are the agents of such products and services. In such case the stock is limited and the availability cannot be judged

Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Project - Assignment Example I want to become the next Conrad Nicholson Hilton. Although there are already many hotel companies which are doing quite successfully these days, I believe I can be in the competition and come out successful in the end as Hilton did during the great depression. I am confident that project management will prepare me for the humungous task before me. I know that this course will develop my planning skills which are very important for efficiency in the things that I need to do in the business. Planning is necessary in determining the crucial actions and to avoid frivolous ideas. Moreover, my organizational skills will also be reinforced as I study about theories and their applications which may have been successfully practiced by earlier businessmen or which could be developed even further to adapt to the changing demands of the modern world. Lastly, I believe this course will teach me to be wise in making decisions so that I will avoid common mistakes in doing business and will develop better ways to

Artoriginality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Artoriginality - Essay Example One cannot afford to be indifferent and unconcerned. I believe that a true artist should not only express himself in his work but also be able to effectually convey positivity through his skill. Perhaps, what makes art good or bad is the impression that it leaves to people. There are various ways by which an artist can achieve that goal. It is a well-known fact that news travel fast and they have a lasting effect on readers and viewers. Unfortunately, not all news is refreshing and inspiring. The massacre at Virginia Tech University is one of the most depressing and horrifying news recently. It is hailed as the deadliest shooting in US history that took the lives of more than 30 people. While America-if not the whole world-is shocked and mourning, an artist has the opportunity to involve himself and to stand out in the crowd of aspiring artists. Instead of creating an eccentric exploitation of details, it would be best to emphasize on the life lived by those who were killed and eternalize the vision they had fostered in their existence. This may provide comfort to their loved ones and promote awareness and inspiration to the public. That intention alone may be one of the crucial tests of a bona fide artist. But it is time to depart from the traditional. The best and logical way to successfully deviate is to know what is traditional.

Requirements for an Effective and Efficient HR Professionals Essay

Requirements for an Effective and Efficient HR Professionals - Essay Example In this paper, the four concentric circles of HR professionalism such as managing self, managing in groups or teams, managing upward, and managing across the organization are analyzed. As an added value contributor, Farnham enumerates the skills and knowledge required in managing human resources. First, in-depth knowledge on an organization’s strategy, â€Å"performance goals and drivers, and the sector in which they work† involving the external context that can affect business operation including the market factors such as demography, customers, competitors, and globalization. Thus, HR practitioners should be familiar with the â€Å"language† of the business operation in empowering human resources to utilize their potential in business accomplishment. Next is wide comprehension of the 10 professional areas. Then, reviewing the local and international law on â€Å"access relevant employment and discrimination† within their jurisdiction. The political and e conomic factors are the external and internal forces that induce business performance and creating strategy and plans applicable to combat them. They must design reinforcement through evaluating the capabilities and â€Å"resourcing levels† of HR strategy. Lastly, they must apply benchmarking strategy to learn from the failure of other organizations and anticipate solutions to problems. After formulating the strategy, insights, and solutions, the second area is leading and managing the HR function. The CIPD requires an HR professional to be knowledgeable in leading, engaging, and aligning people with diverse cultivation to deliver the strategic plan at the appropriate time. The third area is organization design wherein HR must ensure that employees’ skills and qualifications match the job designation to attain organizations’ short term and long term goals, and the structural design of the internal and external environment â€Å"fit in the current and future org anizational strategy.

Essay 1 Questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

1 Questions - Essay Example The text exhaustively addresses the most important aspects of the topic, the only gap is on how to eliminate the possible bureaucracies from the onset of the program implementation, and this is what I would add. 5. The text supports the claim since it has several relevant examples that prop up the claim sufficiently without any explicit shortfalls. The point that needs more substantiation is how prevent the plans from being dysfunctional 6. The inferences that can be drawn are that pay for performance is a good strategy but could cause substantive barriers to productivity within the organization, and they logically align with the evidence and alternative reasons as well reasonable. 11. The text demonstrates and identifiable genre-a business report and the special characteristics include; it is written in simple language, it is complete, it is concise, it states the objective in the opening statement and relatively accurate. 14. The organization of the text in whichever arrangements serves the same purpose since it addresses a singular issue that of pay performance and thus arrangement of the text has no striking prospective creation of a difference. 16. The author uses applies similes and the exact simile he uses, is â€Å"incent† and the metaphor â€Å"slam dunk† and these figurative language are considerably confusing and in their place it were prudent to use simple words. However, the author explains the context of the difficult words making the work better understandable. 17. At the beginning of the article, I am stuck and a little disinterested by the distracting complex figurative language used but deeper into the article, the author makes his ideas concise and captivating. 18. The allusions of the writer sufficiently build up the main idea of the article since he alludes to the standard practices affectively creating a factual picture in

Erosion Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Erosion - Lab Report Example For instance, a young school aged boy did an experiment in his own backyard, right in the middle of the garden. He packed a mound of dirt, and his plan was to measure the affects of erosion over a twelve week period, caused by elements of the weather-the wind and the rain. When his experiment began, the mound of dirt was 42 inches wide and 19 and inches tall. The second week, the dirt mound had spread more than 2 inches outward and dropped approximately 3 inches. Each week, measurements were taken and the data was charted. Unfortunately, the experiment was never finished because it was wrecked (Riordin). Nevertheless, it showed how the elements of the weather can have a great affect on bare soiled mounds, such as the one that was constructed in the Riordin's garden. On a larger and more professional scale than that of a school boy, scientific researchers across the United States experimented with erosion. Their reason for doing so is because they wanted to understand how erosion affected different types of soil in an effort to improve agriculture. In this instance, they wanted to figure out how to best deal with the effects of erosion, while conserving water and soil at the same time. From this in depth experimentation, The Universal Soil Loss Equation was developed, which is considered by those in the field of agriculture to be one of the greatest developments in history, as it concerns the conservation of soil and water (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2009). Research began in central Utah in the year 1912 on land that was overgrazed and no longer fit for use at the time. A.W. Sampson and Associates were the ones who conducted experiments during this time and at this location. In 1917, field erosion plot research was conducted in Missouri by M. F. Miller and his other colleagues. In 1929, congress provided $160,000 of funding to erosion research, as a result of the severe drought that was faced, as well as the Dust Bowl storms that took place. As resource continued, the equation was perfected, and so were water and soil conservation methods. Today, software has been designed from this exact equation that is in use by the Department of Agriculture, as well as commercial farmers (U.S. department of Agriculture, 2009) Because we are working with stiff time constraints, we will not be able to conduct such long and drawn out experiments. We must experiment with erosion on a smaller time scale, and the experiment must take place in an environment that we can easily control. The experiment that is being conducted in this case will consist of three dirt mounds, ten inches high, that are built upon a tray lined with paper, all of them constructed differently. One dirt mound will consist of dirt that is packed together to form a sort-of mountain. The sides will be steep, and the top will be flat. The second mound will be constructed exactly the same; however, there will be a flat layer of pottery clay on top of the flat part of the mound. The third mound will be constructed in the same fashion as the other two, but this one will have grass seed planted on it. The seed will be planted on top, as well as on all sides. The dirt is to be a bit wet, but not too wet, so as to be able to properly form the mound s. All three of the mounds will be kept near a sunny window to simulate the environment of nature outdoors, as this type of environment is realistic, as it will enable the grass to grow and the artificial rain to dry up. Once all mounds are formed and the experiment

Frankenstein Analyze a character Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Frankenstein Analyze a character - Essay Example Frankenstein is usually considered as rebellious in its religious stand. The generally held notion has been that the novel was intended as a satire of Genesis, scoffing at the usual faith in a caring Creator (Walling as cited by Ryan 1988). Leslie Tannenbaum (1977) first mooted a different idea, saying that the novel's mention of Paradise Lost was intended to highlight sarcastically Victor Frankenstein's "failures" as a maker, compared to Milton's more affectionate and dependable Holiness. Tannenbaum's explanation was part of the re-reading of the novel during the 1970s, mainly by feminist and psychoanalysts, who discovered in it a restrained but firm protest against some values and thoughts of the author's father and those of her husband, the Romantic poet, Percy Bysshe Shelley. This new reading sees Victor Frankenstein as a blend of her father, her husband and the monster -- the novel's most sensitive character -- as a symbol of the author herself, the sufferer and the artifact of her father's liberal attitude. The novel thus wonders why, while a scientist like Frankenstein (or men like P.B Shelley or Godwin, the author's father), is otherwise a kind person while at the same time who ruins his close ones with his research on human life (Ryan 1988). As religion and idealism tender completely opposing views of human character and fate, it remains ambiguous which aspect the novel's lampooning is mainly aimed at. The religious ambiguity is certainly just one feature of a larger model of hesitation that has been noticed in the novel. By creating a fiend, the advocate of religious orderliness that is diametrically opposite to her father's outlook, she establishes a peculiar duality through which she doubts idealistic orderliness without clearly asserting the Christian other. The point here is that the incompetent, perplexed Christian belief of the Monster -- the main sufferer and opponent of generous philosophy in Frankenstein -- is employed by Mary Shelley to doubt both Christianity and the idealistic philosophy (Ryan 1988). Although Victor Frankenstein's own religious views are never clearly articulated, it is evident that he is not a Christian. M. Krempe's (professor of philosophy whom the narrator/protagonist Victor Frankenstein introduces in chapter 3 as " a little squat man, with a gruff voice and a repulsive countenance; the teacher, therefore, did not prepossess me in favour of his pursuits") teasing comment that Victor "believed in Cornelius Agrippa as firmly as in the gospel". This raises doubts whether Victor believes in the gospel in any way. Even though he mentions Elizabeth (an orphan young girl who married Victor and was killed during their honeymoon) and himself as children of god, he churns out the Christian tradition to find expression of cruelty with which he shouts at the monster. It is evident that Victor is not a believer even in any conventional way. By contrast, his creature from the beginning shows a strong philosophical inquisitiveness. He forces himself to a painstaking inquest: "Who was I What was I Whence did I come What was my destination These questions continually recurred, but I was unable to solve them "(Chapter 15). The answer comes to him all of a sudden when he trips, inadvertently, on a text of Paradise Lost. He narrates the experience: "One night I found on the ground a leathern portmanteau containing several articles of dress

The Lemon Tree Dilemma Essay Example for Free

The Lemon Tree Dilemma Essay I have completed a full investigation of your organization, The Lemon Tree, regarding issues that have arisen which have caused dissonance with the equal employment opportunity laws. To begin with, there have been specific incidents that have been properly documented that have clearly violated the Title VII laws of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Two of your managers from different departments of your corporation have infringed upon certain rights of the Title VII Civil Rights Act. To begin with, an infringement of the harassment policy under Title VII was violated by the heads of two distinct research departments. Firstly, it has been noted that the manager, Paul Peel, had harassed the employee, Peter Dragon, regarding the issue of drug use. During my investigation, I had come to realize that Mr. Peter Dragon did have past occurrences of drug use that your company had discovered via drug testing. However, I have also took into consideration that he had passed the majority of the drug tests and the ones in which he failed on were due to traces of various chemicals that Mr. Dragon was exposed to during his daily work tasks. Moreover, I have also considered the fact that your company had financially sponsored Mr. Dragon to spend time in a drug rehabilitation center to cure him of his drug addiction. Furthermore, the doctor in charge of Mr. Dragon at the rehabilitation center had advised that he had been fully cured from his addiction.

Crystal Field Theory Versus Valence Bond Theory Engineering Essay

Crystal Field Theory Versus Valence Bond Theory Engineering Essay Crystal field theory is a model that describes the electronic structure of transition metal compounds, all of which can be considered coordination complexes. CFT successfully accounts for some magnetic properties, colours, hydration enthalpies, and spinel structures of transition metal complexes, but it does not attempt to describe bonding. CFT was developed by physicists Hans Bethe and John Hasbrouck van VlecK in the 1930s. CFT was subsequently combined with molecular orbital theory to form the more realistic and complex ligand field theory (LFT), which delivers insight into the process of chemical bonding in transition metal complexes. In the ionic CFT, it is assumed that the ions are simple point charges. When applied to alkali metal ions containing a symmetric sphere of charge, calculations of energies are generally quite successful. The approach taken uses classical potential energy equations that take into account the attractive and repulsive interactions between charged particles (that is, Coulombs Law interactions). Electrostatic Potential is proportional to q1 * q2/r where q1 and q2 are the charges of the interacting ions and r is the distance separating them. This leads to the correct prediction that large cations of low charge, such as K+ and Na+, should form few coordination compounds. For transition metal cations that contain varying numbers of d electrons in orbitals that are NOT spherically symmetric, however, the situation is quite different. The shape and occupation of these d-orbitals then becomes important in an accurate description of the bond energy and properties of the transition metal compound According to CFT, the interaction between a transition metal and ligands arises from the attraction between the positively charged metal cation and negative charge on the non-bonding electrons of the ligand. The theory is developed by considering energy changes of the five degenerate d-orbitals upon being surrounded by an array of point charges consisting of the ligands. As a ligand approaches the metal ion, the electrons from the ligand will be closer to some of the d-orbitals and farther away from others causing a loss of degeneracy. The electrons in the d-orbitals and those in the ligand repel each other due to repulsion between like charges. Thus the d-electrons closer to the ligands will have a higher energy than those further away which results in the d-orbitals splitting in energy. This splitting is affected by the following factors:- 1. The nature of the metal ion. 2. The metals oxidation state. A higher oxidation state leads to a larger splitting. 3. The arrangement of the ligands around the metal ion. 4. The nature of the ligands surrounding the metal ion. The stronger the effect of the ligands then the greater the difference between the high and low energy 3d groups. The most common type of complex is octahedral; here six ligands form an octahedron around the metal ion. In octahedral symmetry the d-orbitals split into two sets with an energy difference, Άoct (the crystal-field splitting parameter) where the dxy, dxz and dyz orbitals will be lower in energy than the dz2 and dx2-y2, which will have higher energy, because the former group are farther from the ligands than the latter and therefore experience less repulsion. The three lower-energy orbitals are collectively referred to as t2g, and the two higher-energy orbitals as eg. (These labels are based on the theory of molecular symmetry). Typical orbital energy diagrams are given below in the section High-spin and low-spin. Tetrahedral complexes are the second most common type; here four ligands form a tetrahedron around the metal ion. In a tetrahedral crystal field splitting the d-orbitals again split into two groups, with an energy difference of Άtet where the lower energy orbitals will be dz2 and dx2-y2, and the higher energy orbitals will be dxy, dxz and dyz opposite to the octahedral case. Furthermore, since the ligand electrons in tetrahedral symmetry are not oriented directly towards the d-orbitals, the energy splitting will be lower than in the octahedral case. Square planar and other complex geometries can also be described by CFT. The size of the gap Ά between the two or more sets of orbitals depends on several factors, including the ligands and geometry of the complex. Some ligands always produce a small value of Ά, while others always give a large splitting. The reasons behind this can be explained by ligand field theory. The spectrochemical series is an empirically-derived list of ligands ordered by the size of the splitting Ά that they produce (small Ά to large Ά; see also this table): Ià ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ The oxidation state of the metal also contributes to the size of Ά between the high and low energy levels. As the oxidation state increases for a given metal, the magnitude of Ά increases. A V3+ complex will have a larger Ά than a V2+ complex for a given set of ligands, as the difference in charge density allows the ligands to be closer to a V3+ ion than to a V2+ ion. The smaller distance between the ligand and the metal ion results in a larger Ά, because the ligand and metal electrons are closer together and therefore repel more. High-spin and low-spin [Fe(NO2)6]3à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ crystal field diagram Ligands which cause a large splitting Ά of the d- orbitals are referred to as strong-field ligands, such as CNà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ and CO from the spectrochemical series. In complexes with these ligands, it is unfavourable to put electrons into the high energy orbitals. Therefore, the lower energy orbitals are completely filled before population of the upper sets starts according to the Aufbau principle. Complexes such as this are called low spin. For example, NO2à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ is a strong-field ligand and produces a large Ά. The octahedral ion [Fe(NO2)6]3à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, which has 5 d-electrons, would have the octahedral splitting diagram shown at right with all five electrons in the t2g level. [FeBr6]3à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ crystal field diagram Conversely, ligands (like Ià ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ and Brà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢) which cause a small splitting Ά of the d-orbitals are referred to as weak-field ligands. In this case, it is easier to put electrons into the higher energy set of orbitals than it is to put two into the same low-energy orbital, because two electrons in the same orbital repel each other. So, one electron is put into each of the five d-orbitals before any pairing occurs in accord with Hunds rule and high spin complexes are formed. For example, Brà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ is a weak-field ligand and produces a small Άoct. So, the ion [FeBr6]3à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, again with five d-electrons, would have an octahedral splitting diagram where all five orbitals are singly occupied. In order for low spin splitting to occur, the energy cost of placing an electron into an already singly occupied orbital must be less than the cost of placing the additional electron into an eg orbital at an energy cost of Ά. As noted above, eg refers to the dz2 and dx2-y2 which are higher in energy than the t2g in octahedral complexes. If the energy required to pair two electrons is greater than the energy cost of placing an electron in an eg, Ά, high spin splitting occurs. The crystal field splitting energy for tetrahedral metal complexes (four ligands) is referred to as Άtet, and is roughly equal to 4/9Άoct (for the same metal and same ligands). Therefore, the energy required to pair two electrons is typically higher than the energy required for placing electrons in the higher energy orbitals. Thus, tetrahedral complexes are usually high-spin. The use of these splitting diagrams can aid in the prediction of the magnetic properties of coordination compounds. A compound that has unpaired electrons in its splitting diagram will be paramagnetic and will be attracted by magnetic fields, while a compound that lacks unpaired electrons in its splitting diagram will be diamagnetic and will be weakly repelled by a magnetic field. Crystal field stabilization energy The crystal field stabilization energy (CFSE) is the stability that results from placing a transition metal ion in the crystal field generated by a set of ligands. It arises due to the fact that when the d-orbitals are split in a ligand field (as described above), some of them become lower in energy than before with respect to a spherical field known as the barycenter in which all five d-orbitals are degenerate. For example, in an octahedral case, the t2g set becomes lower in energy than the orbitals in the barycenter. As a result of this, if there are any electrons occupying these orbitals, the metal ion is more stable in the ligand field relative to the barycenter by an amount known as the CFSE. Conversely, the eg orbitals (in the octahedral case) are higher in energy than in the barycenter, so putting electrons in these reduces the amount of CFSE. Octahedral crystal field stabilization energyIf the splitting of the d-orbitals in an octahedral field is Άoct, the three t2g orbitals are stabilized relative to the barycenter by 2/5 Άoct, and the eg orbitals are destabilized by 3/5 Άoct. As examples, consider the two d5 configurations shown further up the page. The low-spin (top) example has five electrons in the t2g orbitals, so the total CFSE is 5 x 2/5 Άoct = 2Άoct. In the high-spin (lower) example, the CFSE is (3 x 2/5 Άoct) (2 x 3/5 Άoct) = 0 in this case, the stabilization generated by the electrons in the lower orbitals is canceled out by the destabilizing effect of the electrons in the upper orbitals. Crystal Field stabilization is applicable to transition-metal complexes of all geometries. Indeed, the reason that many d8 complexes are square-planar is the very large amount of crystal field stabilization that this geometry produces with this number of electrons. Explaining the colours of transition metal complexes The bright colours exhibited by many coordination compounds can be explained by Crystal Field Theory. If the d-orbitals of such a complex have been split into two sets as described above, when the molecule absorbs a photon of visible light one or more electrons may momentarily jump from the lower energy d-orbitals to the higher energy ones to transiently create an excited state atom. The difference in energy between the atom in the ground state and in the excited state is equal to the energy of the absorbed photon, and related inversely to the wavelength of the light. Because only certain wavelengths (ÃŽÂ ») of light are absorbed those matching exactly the energy difference the compounds appears the appropriate complementary colour. As explained above, because different ligands generate crystal fields of different strengths, different colours can be seen. For a given metal ion, weaker field ligands create a complex with a smaller Ά, which will absorb light of longer ÃŽÂ » and thus lower frequency ÃŽÂ ½. Conversely, stronger field ligands create a larger Ά, absorb light of shorter ÃŽÂ », and thus higher ÃŽÂ ½. It is, though, rarely the case that the energy of the photon absorbed corresponds exactly to the size of the gap Ά; there are other things (such as electron-electron repulsion and Jahn-Teller effects) that also affect the energy difference between the ground and excited states Crystal field splitting diagrams Crystal field splitting diagrams Octahedral Pentagonal bipyramidal Square antiprismatic Square planar Square pyramidal Tetrahedral Trigonal bipyramidal LIMITATIONS(CFT):- CFT ignores the attractive forces the d-electrons of the metal ion and neuclear charge on the ligand atom. Therefore all the properties are dependent upon the ligand orbitals and their interaction with metal orbitals are not explained. In CFT model partial covalency of metal -ligand bond is not taken into consideration According to CFT metal-ligand bonding is purely electrostatic. In CFT only d-electrons of the metal ion are considered .the other metal orbitals such as s,Px,Py,Pz are taken into considerations. In CFT à Ã¢â€š ¬-orbitals of ligand are not considered The theory cant explain the relative strength of the ligands i.e. it cannot explain that why water is stronger than OH according to spectrochemical series . It does not explain the charge transfer spectra on the intensities of the absorption bands. VALENCE BOND THEORY(VBT) In chemistry, valence bond theory is one of two basic theories, along with molecular orbital theory, that developed to use the methods of quantum mechanics to explain chemical bonding. It focuses on how the atomic orbitals of the dissociated atoms combine on molecular formation to give individual chemical bonds. In contrast, molecular orbital theory has orbitals that cover the whole molecule According to this theory a covalent bond is formed between the two atoms by the overlap of half filled valence atomic orbitals of each atom containing one unpaired electron. A valence bond structure is similar to a Lewis structure, but where a single Lewis structure cannot be written, several valence bond structures are used. Each of these VB structures represents a specific Lewis structure. This combination of valence bond structures is the main point of resonance theory. Valence bond theory considers that the overlapping atomic orbitals of the participating atoms form a chemical bond. Because of the overlapping, it is most probable that electrons should be in the bond region. Valence bond theory views bonds as weakly coupled orbitals (small overlap). Valence bond theory is typically easier to employ in ground state molecules. v The overlapping atomic orbitals can differ. The two types of overlapping orbitals are sigma and pi. Sigma bonds occur when the orbitals of two shared electrons overlap head-to-head. Pi bonds occur when two orbitals overlap when they are parallel. For example, a bond between two s-orbital electrons is a sigma bond, because two spheres are always coaxial. In terms of bond order, single bonds have one sigma bond, double bonds consist of one sigma bond and one pi bond, and triple bonds contain one sigma bond and two pi bonds. However, the atomic orbitals for bonding may be hybrids. Often, the bonding atomic orbitals have a character of several possible types of orbitals. The methods to get an atomic orbital with the proper character for the bonding is called hybridization VB THEORY IN TODAYS DATE:- Valence bond theory now complements Molecular Orbital Theory (MO theory), which does not adhere to the VB idea that electron pairs are localized between two specific atoms in a molecule but that they are distributed in sets of molecular orbitals which can extend over the entire molecule. MO theory can predict magnetic properties in a straightforward manner, while valence bond theory gives similar results but is more complicated. Valence bond theory views aromatic properties of molecules as due to resonance between Kekule, Dewar and possibly ionic structures, while molecular orbital theory views it as delocalization of the à Ã¢â€š ¬-electrons. The underlying mathematics are also more complicated limiting VB treatment to relatively small molecules. On the other hand, VB theory provides a much more accurate picture of the reorganization of electronic charge that takes place when bonds are broken and formed during the course of a chemical reaction. In particular, valence bond theory co rrectly predicts the dissociation of homonuclear diatomic molecules into separate atoms, while simple molecular orbital theory predicts dissociation into a mixture of atoms and ions. More recently, several groups have developed what is often called modern valence bond theory. This replaces the overlapping atomic orbitals by overlapping valence bond orbitals that are expanded over a large number of basis functions, either centered each on one atom to give a classical valence bond picture, or centered on all atoms in the molecule. The resulting energies are more competitive with energies from calculations where electron correlation is introduced based on a Hartree-Fock reference wavefunction. Applications of VB theory An important aspect of the VB theory is the condition of maximum overlap which leads to the formation of the strongest possible bonds. This theory is used to explain the covalent bond formation in many molecules. For Example in the case of F2 molecule the F F bond is formed by the overlap of pz orbitals of the two F atoms each containing an unpaired electron. Since the nature of the overlapping orbitals are different in H2 and F2 molecules, the bond strength and bond lengths differ between H 2 and F2 molecules. In a HF molecule the covalent bond is formed by the overlap of 1s orbital of H and 2pz orbital of F each containing an unpaired electron. Mutual sharing of electrons between H and F results in a covalent bond between HF COMPARISON OF CFT AND VBT Some of the properties of complexes which could not be explained on the basis of valence bond theory are satisfactorily explained by crystal field theory.CFT is thus definitely an improvement over vbt these are the following merits of cft over vbt will prove that statement: CFT predicts a gradual change in magnetic properties of complexes rather than the abrupt change predicted by VBT . In some complexes ,when Ά is very close to P, simple temperature changes may affect the magnetic properties of complexes .Thus the CFT provides theoretical basis for understanding and predicting the variations of magnetic moments with temperature as well as detailed magnetic properties of complexes ,this is just in contrast of VBT which can not predict or explain magnetic behaviour beyond the level of specifying the number of unpaired electrons. Though the assumptions inherent in VBT and CFT are vastly different , the main difference lies in their description of the orbitals not occupied in the low spin states .VBT forbids their use as they are involved in forming hybrid orbitals, while they are involved in forming hybrid orbitals, while CFT strongly discourages their use as they are repelled by the ligands. According to VBT, the bond between the metal and the ligand is covalent,,while according to CFT it is purely ionic. The bond is now considered to have both ionic and covalent charachter .Unlike valence bond theory CFT provides a framework for the ready interpretation of such phenomenon as tretagonal distortions. CFT provides satisfactory explanation for the colour of transition metal complexes , i.e. spectral properties ofcomplexes, i.e. spectral properties of complexes. CFT can semiquantitatevily explain certain thermodynamic and kinetic properties. CFT makes possible a clear understanding of stereochemical properties of complexes. REFRENCES J. H. Van Vleck, Theory of the Variations in Paramagnetic Anisotropy Among Different Salts of the Iron Group, Phys. Rev. 41, 208 215 (1932)[1] Zumdahl, Steven S. Chemical Principles Fifth Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005. 550-551,957-964. 3) Silberberg, Martin S. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, Fourth Edition. New York: McGraw Hill Company, 2006. 1028 -1034. 4 )D. F. Shriver and P. W. Atkins Inorganic Chemistry 3rd edition, Oxford University Press, 2001. Pages: 227-236. 5) http://wwwchem.uwimona.edu.jm:1104/courses/CFT.html Murrel, J. N.; S. F. Tedder (1985). The Chemical Bond. John Wiley Sons. ISBN 0-471-90759-6 6) I. Hargittai, When Resonance Made Waves, The Chemical Intelligencer 1, 34 (1995)) 7) Shaik, Sason S.; Phillipe C. Hiberty (2008). A Chemists Guide to Valence Bond Theory. New Jersey: Wiley-Interscience. 8)text book of cordination chemistry by dr.R.K. sharma pg 61,62 9)engineering chemistry by A.K.pahari,B.S.chauhan.

The brander-krugman model

The brander-krugman model Extended Essay 1 The Brander-Krugman model, also known as the reciprocal dumping model, explains the possibility of international trade in a homogenous good. In doing so, it raises an interesting issue: is this apparently pointless trade socially beneficial? Meanwhile, Corden developed a more realistic customs union (CU) theory compared to orthodox theory by relaxing the assumption of constant marginal costs (MC). While the framework of these two models are similar, their conclusions are very different, the reasons for which are discussed further below. a) Both models are set in a partial equilibrium framework; the prices of all substitutes and complements of the good in question are assumed to be constant, as are the income levels of consumers, allowing for an easier analysis of welfare gains from the formation of the customs union (CU). Within this framework, there is a single producer in each of the CU countries that produces a homogenous good. The other similarity between the two models is that the tariffs set and faced by both countries (Home (H) and Partner (P)) before CU formation are equal .Thus, when the union is created a Common External Tariff (CET) already exists. Corden develops his model in further stages to include made-to-measure tariffs so that the CET has to be set upon CU formation. It is assumed that this will be set lower than the original tariffs that were imposed. The countries forming a CU in Cordens model are small relative to the rest of the world (R), implying that its formation will have no effect on world prices. In the Brander-Krugman model, all three countries (R is represented as one country) are identical in size. Symmetry is assumed between the firms in the Brander-Krugman model therefore the firms in each of the countries face the same constant marginal cost and domestic demand functions, contrary to Corden. Corden relaxes the assumption of constant marginal costs (MC) that is held in orthodox customs union theory, and assumes instead that the firms benefit from internal economies of scale and thus face declining marginal and average cost (AC) curves. Figure 1 shows that the minimum point of the firms AC curves is above the price paid for imports (pm). Hence a tariff is necessary to protect domestic production, which is set at T- pm and prevents R from importing to H and P. The domestic price being equal to the firms AC, they operate at a normal profit. The price received for exports (px) is assumed to be lower than pm as H and P also face tariffs. Therefore, their AC is greater than px and so they cannot export their goods either. Thus, unlike in the Brander-Krugman model, there is no international trade prior to CU formation. The main characteristic of the Brander-Krugman model is that the firms display Cournot behaviour the firms make decisions about their own output levels to maximise their profits assuming that the output levels of the other producers will not change[1]. This is not necessarily the case in Cordens model. b) The existence of internal economies of scale in Corden means that efficiency and welfare gains could be increased if a single firm increases its output and captures both markets following CU formation. This, along with the assumption that the firms face different cost functions, leads to the conclusion that the firm with the higher AC will exit the market and import the good from the firm that can produce it at a lower cost (this essay will assume that the partner firm exits the market). The assumption that the partner firm operated at a normal profit pre-CU indicates that there will be no loss of producer surplus and no welfare loss in P as it exits the market. Conversely, the symmetry between the firms in Cournot means that neither firm in the CU has a cost advantage over the other. Thus, both the home and partner countries benefit from CU formation by increasing trade with each other, resulting in an increase in output for both firms (Appendix, equation (1)). Although H and P have increased their overall output, the quantity they supply in each of their domestic markets decreases (equation 2). Although there is an overall gain in welfare in both models as a result of CU formation, the source of these gains differ. Both the home and partner countries experience a welfare gain from CU formation in Cournot given the symmetry, whereas only the home country benefits in Corden as the partner firm exits the market. In Cournot, the price falls in the markets (equation 3) and thus the welfare gain is largely reflected by an increase in consumer surplus (equation 4) in both the home and partner markets. The countries also lose welfare through a fall in tariff revenue (equation 5) and the firms profits may rise or fall depending on the elasticity of the aggregate demand in the CU (equation 6). However, Hs overall welfare gain is shown to be always positive (equation 7). In Corden, the assumption that the home and partner countries are small compared to the rest of the world implies that the CU firms are not large enough to compete with the outside firm and therefore the CU formation will not affect world prices. This, along with the assumption that the remaining firm within the CU maximises his profit by charging right up to the import-preventing price, which is the world price plus the CET, means that the price will remain unchanged. Thus, the increased welfare is due to an increase in the remaining firms producer surplus (figure 1, a+ß) as the fall in average cost (to J, figure 1) is not passed onto consumers. However, if made-to-measure tariffs are assumed and the CET is lower than both the initial tariffs, a price reduction will be induced in both countries and some of the welfare gain will be passed onto consumers. The symmetry in Cournot and differentiation in Corden also lead to different conclusions with respect to the impact on the rest of the world. In Corden, the CU formation does not affect Rs welfare under the assumption that there was no international trade pre-CU and there is still none post-CU. In Cournot, the fall in Rs output (equation 8) and the price drop in H and P impact negatively on the R firms profits (equation 9). As consumption and imports in R remain unchanged, Rs welfare is reduced. The main assumptions that lead to the different conclusions are those of symmetrical costs in Cournot and differentiation in Corden. This affects how the welfare gains are divided amongst the countries as well as how they are split between the producers and consumers. c) In discussing the appropriateness of the models to the EU situation, the relevance of the assumptions and the predicted results, and how the causes of these results compare with reality need to be considered. There are many studies that analyse how EU integration has affected trade flows in terms of trade creation and trade diversion. Trade creation is defined as intra-EU imports replacing domestic production; trade diversion as EU imports replacing imports from the rest of the world. By 1992, bilateral trade between any two EC countries was 65% higher than if the EC had not existed, supporting both models predictions that trade between the home and partner countries increases.[2] Over the period from 1959/60 to 1977, which includes both stages of integration for the EC and EFTA countries, annual trade creation was estimated at $20-31 billion and trade diversion at $5-8 billion.[3] This affirms the Cournot prediction that the partner firm would increase its imports to the home country at the expense of both domestic production and imports from the rest of the world. A study by the Single Market Review on the impact of the Single Market Programme (SMP) on trade creation and trade diversion gives a detailed insight into the relevance of the Corden and Cournot models to the EU situation.[4] Its data and analysis focuses on industries within the manufacturing sector, particularly the 15 industries that were likely to be particularly sensitive to the SMP.[5] Although there are some industries close to perfect competition with a concentration ratio of 0.00 or 0.01 such as clothing and boiler making most industries within the EU are relatively oligopolistic according to their average concentration ratios. The assumption of perfect information is unlikely to hold true. In many economic theories where this is assumed, it is highly unrealistic, especially with regards to the reactions of a firms competitors to the union formation. While Cournot assumes that firms face a constant MC, a 50% reduction in output from the minimum efficient scale of output led to an increase in AC, and therefore MC, in all the industries analysed, thus indicating the presence of economies of scale. The assumption that all firms display Cournot behaviour does not always hold in the context of the EU. Through a comparison of the changes in the price-cost margins and in the home firms market share in the domestic industry, it is evident that industries reacted in two very different ways. One group, including office machines and pharmaceutical products, experienced large cuts in their price-cost margins and a relatively small change in their market share, while the opposite is the case for the other group. It appears that the first group decided to reduce its prices instead of losing market share, implying that some firms do not compete on output but on price. However, the effect of changes in competitive behaviour by firms on market shares was extremely small for most industries and countries, though it was usually more important in the smaller EU countries.[6] Thus, changes in firms behaviour are relatively insignificant in affecting market shares, compared to other factors. The assumption of symmetrical firms is, again, an unrealistic one. Given that the country sizes within the EU are very different, it is highly likely that firms across the EU faced different market sizes and domestic demand functions before integration, and as a result, they are unlikely to be the same size or have the same cost functions. In terms of the impact of the CU formation on the industries, most of the results predicted in Cournot hold true from 1900-94, the period examined in this SMR report. The price-cost margins in the 15 sensitive industries fell by an average of 3.9%, while they fell by 3.6% in the manufacturing sector as a whole. The extent of this drop in each industry depends on the behaviour of the firms. The impact of the SMP on the respective market shares in the manufacturing sector as a whole is negative for the home industries, and positive for both the EU and the rest of the worlds market shares in the home country. Cournots model correctly predicted that the home firm would sell more while the partner firm would sell less in the home market. However, it predicts that the rest of the worlds share of the home market would fall. The SMR carried out two ex-post simulations; one with no direct external trade effects and one with. All of Cournots predictions regarding changes in the market shares hold true for the former simulation. However, the latter simulation is more accurate in reflecting the actual changes in market shares that were experienced over this integration period. This implies that the Cournot model does not take into account the increasing liberalisation of external trade over this period that also led to a reduction in extra-EU trade costs, either as a result of the CU formation or due to increasing globalisation. In terms of welfare, the changes support Cournots prediction that welfare increased in both H and P. The change in welfare measured as a percentage of GDP was greater than the percentage change in GDP in each of the EU countries analysed. The main goal of creating the single market in the EU was to increase its competitiveness with respect to large economies such as the USA through economies of scale. This implies that Cordens model should offer a more accurate picture of the EU. However, certain assumptions do not reflect the EUs characteristics. The assumption that the CU-forming countries are small may hold true for some of the EU countries; however, the implication of this that the customs union will be unable to affect world prices may not hold. Given the size of the EU, it is large enough to compete with the large economies such as the USA and Japan. Cordens predictions regarding changes in price and market shares are not appropriate to the EU situation, due to the strong assumptions that there was no international trade prior to the formation and thus no trade with the rest of the world after. Also, with the partner firm exiting the market, it is assumed that there is no increase in competition following CU formation, thus no change in the prices. However, there is evidence supporting the main conclusion of this model that the welfare gain is a result of restructuring, which leads to increasingly concentrated industries as firms can benefit from economies of scale as the size of the market that they have access to increases. Between 1987 and 1993, the four-firm concentration ratio increased by 2.3% across 71 industries in the EU.[7] This was partly due to increased restructuring; between 1987 and 1990, the percentage of MAs involving countries from two different member states jumped from 9.6% to 21.5% in anticipation of the Single Market. This replaced MAs within country borders which fell from 71.6% to 60.7% over the same period.[8] While it is true that EU industry concentration has increased, this is cannot be attributed solely to an expansion in the market size. Many industries already operated internationally in the 1980s and hence, a market size expansion would not have had as big an impact on the concentration level. The single market also led to a reduction in non-tariff barriers (especially barriers to entry) between EU member states, through public procurement liberalisation, increased ease of cross-border knowledge transfer and the free movement of capital. Cordens comparative static model fails to take into account the dynamic effects of EU integration. The aim of the SMP was much more ambitious than a mere elimination of the tariff barriers and thus both theories, which focus on the effects of a CU, are too simplistic to be wholly appropriate. Certain aspects of both models are comparable to the EU situation. However, Cordens model seems to be more suitable; while Cournots results regarding changes in the prices and respective market share were more accurate, Cordens underlying characteristics are much more appropriate to the current EU situation. 1 Friedman, James (1983), Oligopoly Theory, Cambridge University Press Frankel (1997) (Ali El-Agraa P175) Kreinin (1979b) (Ali El-Agraa P175 European Commission/CEPR (1997) Trade Creation and Trade Diversion, Subseries IV/ volume 3 of The Single Market Review Buigues, Ilzkovitz and Lebrun (1990) EC/CEPR, 1997, Trade creation and trade diversion Subseries V, Volume 4, Economies of Scale AMDATA in European Economy (1999)

Radio Waves :: physics radio wave

Radiowaves are the oscillations of magnetic waves by varying the modulation to generate different signals which can be converted into information such as sound, video, or digital communication. As these waves pass through a conductor, an alternating current is generated and this can be converted into usable information. As one could see from the picture above, radio waves are the the electromagnetic waves with wave lengthes between 1mm and 10 Mm. This converts to a frequency range of 300Ghz to 30Hz, respectively. Nearly everyone uses radio waves in some form day after day. The technologies that depend on them is vast and ever-growing. These technologies range from cordless phones and garage door openers to radar and microwave ovens. Radio is not a dead technology either. It is constantly having research devoted to it and new technologies and innovations are coming about from this research. The trend towards wireless internet and more versatile cellular phones are just some examples. Ironically, the fundamentals of radio waves is relatively simple (atleast when compared to the vast array of technologies that now implement it). Cordless phones use radio waves to allow individuals to walk around freely in their home without the need to be bound by a cord while talking over their land-based phone line. Cell phones are a miracle to modern day living. Unlike previous eras where communication was done strictly across a hard-wired telephone line, cell phones now give the freedom to those that can afford them a radio-based uplink to the rest of the world. Not only are they for voice communication, but they also allow for transmission of virtually any kind of digital data. Microwave ovens are another great invention from the 20th century. They use radio waves in a specific frequency range in which water, fat, and sugar molecules happen to absorb and convert directly into heat.

The Importance Of Learning Spanish :: Learning Spanish

As we approach the 21st century and as the idea of a "global village" is fast becoming a reality, it is vital that we enlarge our worldview and reach an understanding of, and appreciation for, the cultures of the other peoples who share the planet with us. As cultural beings, we are raised with an certain way of giving order to the world around us. Very soon, these "cultural filters," which allow us to make sense of reality and shape it, become fixed, invisible and unconscious; they are part of our worldview which - as unique as we might think it is - rests on the shared values of a particular linguistic community. This network of basic assumptions which affects everything in our life (love, family, friendship, child rearing, work, sense of community and of our place within it, view of nature, sense of self, etc.) is never put into question until it is brought to our awareness by the clash with another system, different from our own. Language, which is the bearer of culture par excellence, opens the door to the world of the other and gives us the means to apprehend other ways of viewing our common world and our common humanity. Why study Spanish? Beyond the argument just made for the truly cosmopolitan view, there are, for the US citizen, compelling internal and external reasons. First, one has to consider the rise of the Hispanic community within our midst. The US Census Bureau shows that the Latinos residing in the United States total about 27 million people and make up almost 10% of the population. Projections indicate that, by the year 2050, almost half of the US population could be Spanish speaking. This fact has strong implications for employment, not only in the Southern belt ( from Florida to California ) but also in all major cities of the nation. In the job market, the bilingual employee will increasingly have the edge over other candidates, especially in the service sector. But employment is only part of the picture. The Hispanic community with its pride in its old traditions - native and European - its own cultural diversity, its strong family values, its artistic genius and its rich literature, will make its own unique and distinct contributions to the living cultural tapestry of this nation - today and tomorrow. Learning Spanish is essentially learning to relate to our next door neighbor and, more than ever, this makes sense.

Further option for chinas farmland reform(chinese translation included) :: essays research papers

Options for Further Reform in China's Farmland System from "Report of a pilot study on poverty, land abandonment and rural institutions", produced by the Department of International Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China, in collaboration with the FAO Rural Development Division THE FUNDAMENTAL ISSUE in the setup of China's existing rural farmland system centres on ambiguity in the definition of land ownership rights. Despite stipulations in the Constitution and Land Management Law, specifying that rural land is owned by the collective, it is nevertheless unclear which of the "three levels of ownership'' in the collective -- People's Communes, production brigades and production groups - is referred to. Furthermore, even if it had designated the ownership to a certain level in the collective, the problem would again emerge from the lack of a clear scope of the collective and its membership. Added to this ambiguity in the ownership of land is the incompleteness of the principal land property right, as the State has the authority to dispose of the land, while the farmer occupies the rental income, resulting in a drain on land revenue and difficulties in land circulation. Ãâ€"à Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ºÃƒ Ãƒâ€" ´Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒâ€¦Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¥Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ©ÃƒÅ'à ¯ÃƒÅ'à ¥Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃ‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ½Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ Ã‚ ¢Ãƒâ€"à Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ¹ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¼Ãƒ ¼ÃƒÅ½ÃƒÅ ÃƒÅ'à ¢Ãƒâ€ÃƒÅ¡Ãƒâ€œÃƒÅ¡Ãƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ ÃƒË†Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ ¶Ã‚ ¨Ãƒâ€™Ãƒ ¥Ãƒâ€°Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ²Ã‚ »ÃƒÆ'à ·ÃƒË†Ã‚ ·[Ä £Ãƒâ‚¬Ãƒ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€°] ¡Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ"à ÃƒÅ" ·Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ãƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃ‚ ¹ÃƒÅ"Àà ­Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒÅ'à µÃ‚ ¿Ãƒ ®Ãƒâ€" ¸ÃƒÆ'à ·Ãƒ Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¥Ãƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃƒÅ Ãƒâ€¡Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ'à ¥Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬ÃƒË†Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¸ÃƒË†Ãƒ ½Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¶Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ ÃƒË†Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ ²Ãƒ £Ã‚ ´ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ °ÃƒË†Ãƒâ€¹ÃƒÆ'à ±Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ «Ãƒâ€°Ãƒ §Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€°Ãƒ ºÃ‚ ²Ãƒ ºÃ‚ ´Ãƒ ³Ã‚ ¶Ãƒâ€œÃ‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€°Ãƒ ºÃ‚ ²Ãƒ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ¶Ãƒâ€œÃ‚ ¡Ã‚ ±Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€" ¸Ã‚ ²Ã‚ ¢Ã‚ ²Ã‚ »ÃƒÆ'à ·ÃƒÅ½Ãƒ ºÃ‚ ¡Ã‚ £Ã‚ ´Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒ Ãƒ ¢Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ´ÃƒÅ Ã‚ ¹Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¼Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¨Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ ÃƒË†Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ £Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ±Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€" ¸Ã‚ ¶Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ µÃ‚ ½Ãƒ Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒâ€™Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¶ÃƒÅ'Ø ¶Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ ²Ãƒ £Ã‚ ´ÃƒÅ½  µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ¼Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ'à ¥Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€œÃƒâ€°Ãƒâ€œÃƒÅ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ'à ¥Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ³Ãƒâ€°Ãƒâ€Ã‚ ±ÃƒË†Ã‚ ±Ãƒâ€°Ãƒâ„¢ÃƒÆ'à ·ÃƒË†Ã‚ ·Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ·Ã‚ ¶ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ §Ã‚ ½Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¶Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬ÃƒÅ½ÃƒÅ ÃƒÅ'à ¢Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ Ãƒâ€¡Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¶Ãƒ Ãƒâ€" ¡Ã‚ £Ãƒâ€Ã‚ ­Ãƒâ€Ãƒ ²Ãƒâ€°Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ ÃƒË†Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ²Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ãƒ ªÃƒâ€¢Ãƒ »Ãƒ Ãƒâ€Ãƒâ€™Ã‚ ²Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€œÃƒâ€¡Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒâ€¢Ãƒ ¢Ãƒâ€"Ãâ€" ²Ã‚ »ÃƒÆ'à ·ÃƒË†Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ãƒâ€Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ±ÃƒË†ÃƒË†Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ºÃ‚ ¼Ãƒâ€™Ãƒâ€œÃƒ ÃƒË†Ã‚ ¨Ãƒâ€" ªÃƒË†ÃƒÆ'à Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃ‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ µÃ‚ «ÃƒÅ Ãƒâ€¡Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ©ÃƒÆ'à ±Ãƒâ€¢Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€œÃƒ Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃ‚ ±Ã‚ »Ã‚ £Ã‚ ©Ãƒâ€"à ¢Ãƒâ€œÃƒÆ' µÃƒâ€žÃƒÅ Ãƒâ€¢ÃƒË†Ãƒ «Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ µÃ‚ ¼Ãƒâ€"Âà Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃƒâ€¹Ã‚ °ÃƒÅ Ãƒâ€¢Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ãƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃƒ Ãƒ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒâ‚¬Ã‚ §Ãƒâ€žÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ £ Therefore, it is necessary to review the whole process of changes in the farmland system and find the correct point of departure for reform. In fact, such issues as egalitarian occupation of land, scattered land management, instability in farmland contracts and lack of circulation or efficiency have all resulted from an ambiguous land ownership. Once the land owner is clearly defined and the principal property rights affirmed, then, the farmland's management, sale, leasing (including farmers' contracting of collective land and re-contracting of their contracted land), inheriting and disposal as gift -- all these and other matters of management and circulation would be easily resolved. Ã’Ã ²Ã‚ ´Ãƒâ€¹Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ »ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¹Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒâ€¢Ãƒ »Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¶Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ©ÃƒÅ'à ¯ÃƒÅ'à ¥Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃ‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ±Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ' ºÃƒ Ãƒâ€¢Ãƒâ€™Ã‚ µÃ‚ ½Ãƒâ€™Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¶Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ¸Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒâ€¢Ãƒ ½ÃƒË†Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¶Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ¢Ã‚ µÃƒ £ÃƒÅ Ãƒâ€¡Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ" ±ÃƒËœÃƒâ€™Ã‚ ªÃ‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ¡Ã‚ £ÃƒÅ Ãƒâ€šÃƒÅ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€°Ãƒ Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¢Ãƒ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ ©ÃƒÅ½ÃƒÅ ÃƒÅ'à ¢Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ±ÃƒË†ÃƒË†Ãƒ §Ãƒâ€ Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¹Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€"Ã…Ã ¤Ãƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃ‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€"É ¢Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃ‚ ¹ÃƒÅ"Àà ­Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃ‚ ºÃƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ²Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½ÃƒË†Ã‚ ¶Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ Ãƒâ€Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ãƒ Ãƒ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¨Ãƒâ€™Ãƒâ€Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ §Ãƒâ€žÃƒÅ" µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ²Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€"à £Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¶Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ Ãƒâ€¡Ãƒâ€œÃƒâ€°Ãƒâ€™Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¶Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ £Ã‚ ºÃƒ ½Ã‚ ²Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ ÃƒË†Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ ²Ãƒ ºÃƒâ€°Ãƒ ºÃ‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ¡Ã‚ £Ãƒâ€™Ã‚ »Ã‚ µÃ‚ ©Ãƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ Ãƒâ€¢ÃƒÅ¸ÃƒË†Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ¶Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€ Ãƒ ¤Ãƒâ€Ã‚ ­Ãƒâ€Ãƒ ²Ãƒâ€°Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ ÃƒË†Ã‚ ¨  µÃƒÆ' µÃ‚ ½ÃƒË†Ã‚ ·ÃƒË†Ãƒ Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬ÃƒË†Ã‚ »Ã‚ ºÃƒ ³Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬ Ã…Â ©ÃƒÅ'à ¯Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ¹ÃƒÅ"Àà ­Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃƒ ²Ãƒâ€šÃƒ ´Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€"à ¢Ãƒ ÃƒÅ¾Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¼Ãƒâ‚¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ©ÃƒÆ'à ±Ãƒâ€¡Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¶Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¬ÃƒË†Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ µÃƒÆ' ¼Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ'à ¥Ãƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃ‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ´Ãƒâ€¡Ã‚ ©[ÔÙÇ ©Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€" ªÃƒâ€¡Ã‚ ©]ÒÑ ¾Ã‚ ­Ãƒâ€¡Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ½Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃ‚ £Ã‚ ©Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€™Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ´Ã‚ «Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ¦Ãƒâ‚¬Ãƒ ­ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ªÃƒâ€Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ «ÃƒÅ½Ãƒ ¯ --- Ëà ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ Ãƒâ€¢Ãƒ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ãƒâ€ Ãƒ ¤Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒ »Ãƒâ€™Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ"Àà ­Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ãƒ Ãƒ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ¨Ãƒâ€°Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒÅ½ÃƒÅ ÃƒÅ'à ¢Ã‚ ½Ã‚ «Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¡Ãƒâ€œÃ‚ ­ÃƒË†Ãƒ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¸Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¢Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ £ Sticking to and perfecting collective ownership  ¼Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ³Ãƒâ€"à Ãƒ ªÃƒâ€°Ãƒâ€ Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ'à ¥Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ Ãƒâ€"Æ As to the direction of future reform in China's rural farmland ownership, there have been controversial views from academic circles and the agricultural sector, both of whom have come forth with many different ideas. These include the nationalization of rural farmland, reform and improvement of the existing collective ownership of rural land, private ownership of farmland as well as a system of mixed ownership. Ãâ€"à Ãƒâ€œÃƒÅ¡Ãƒâ€"à Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ºÃƒâ€¦Ã‚ ©ÃƒÅ'à ¯Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ ÃƒË†Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ´Ãƒâ‚¬Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ¸Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ãƒ ²Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€œÃƒ Ãƒâ‚¬Ã‚ ´Ãƒâ€"ÔÑ §ÃƒÅ Ãƒ µÃ‚ ½Ãƒ §Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒâ€œÃƒ Ãƒâ€¢Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€™Ãƒ ©Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ¸Ãƒ ·Ãƒâ€"Ãâ€" ¼Ãƒ »Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¢Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ©Ãƒâ€™Ã‚ µÃ‚ ²Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ¹Ãƒâ€ºÃ‚ µÃƒ £Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€¢ÃƒÅ¸Ã‚ ¶Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¸Ãƒâ‚¬Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ·Ãƒâ€"Ô ²Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒ Ãƒ ­Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ  Ãƒâ€™Ãƒ ¢Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ »Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ £Ãƒâ€ Ãƒ ¤Ãƒâ€"à Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¼Ãƒâ‚¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¥Ãƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃ‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ¹Ãƒ ºÃƒâ€œÃƒ Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ¸Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¸Ãƒ Ãƒâ€" ´Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒâ€¦Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¥Ãƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃ‚ ¼Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ'à ¥Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ Ãƒâ€"Æ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã‚ ½ÃƒË†Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ©ÃƒÅ'à ¯Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ Ãƒâ€"Æ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€™Ãƒâ€Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€™Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€"Ãâ€" »Ãƒ ¬Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ãƒâ€"ÆËà ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ Ãƒâ€"Æ µÃƒâ€žÃƒÅ'à ¥Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃ‚ ¡Ã‚ £ Based on the characteristics of China's rural land resources and its people-land relationship, the direction of reform in the country's rural land system should be the quest for a form of collective public ownership characterized by a new relationship in property rights (under the precondition of the collective public ownership of land) for the purpose of enhancing the clarity in the relationship of collective land property rights.

The Sweater

The hockey sweater, loyalty One of Quebec’s leading writers Roch Carrier, in his short story, â€Å"The hockey sweater†, tells of a boy’s loyalty to a Montreal Canadians hockey player Maurice Richards. Carrier’s idea is to deliver a theme of loyalty by establishing a sentimental tone in order to appeal similar feelings or experiences in his audience. Carrier begins by acknowledging the desire the young boy and his friends have to be exactly the same as there hockey idol.He writes â€Å"We all wore the same uniform as he, red, white and blue uniform of the Montreal Canadians, the best hockey team in the world; we all combed our hair in the same style as Maurice Richards† and â€Å"you’ll never put it in my head to wear a Toronto Maple leafs sweater†. Carrier describes the boys loyalty using everyday diction to allow for an array of audiences to be entertained. Shifting to Carriers outstanding use of punctuation he directs the readerâ₠¬â„¢s attention to the words that follow by using colons.For example â€Å"with tears in my eyes, I found the strength to say: I’ll never wear that uniform†. Carrier is able to support his them of loyalty with his use of complex-compound sentences like: â€Å"Wearing my Toronto maple leafs sweater i went to the church, where I prayed to God, I asked him to send, as quickly as possible, moths that would eat up my Toronto maple leafs sweater†. In conclusion, Carrier’s strategy of neutral diction, passionate tone, complex-compound sentences and punctuation, Carrier is able to support his them of loyalty throughout his short story.

I want a wife

She goes on to list all the specific things she would want from a wife for her children which Include keeping up with the their doctor appointments, washing the children's loathes and keep them mended at all times, tend to their school for events and plays and to also make sure they have adequate social life with their peers. This Is the ideal wife every man dreams of. She continues on to say that she wants a wife herself so that she could go to school and further her education.I do not agree that she wants a wife because in my opinion, a husband and wife should take turns doing the house chores, tending to the children and working. They made a commitment to one another to always be there and help each other out no matter what circumstances they are put in. My ideal husband would be one of the prince charming from the Disney movies. He would love to wake up next to me every morning and tell me to stay in bed so that he could cook breakfast and bring it to me while I lay in bed.He wou ld be the husband that asks his wife to be a stay at home wife and mom, if we decide to have kids. We would go on trips all over the world together. He would love to go grocery shopping with me and cook with me or majority of the time for me. He would enjoy helping me with the laundry. He would be the kind of husband that would surprise e and plan a dinner date and would take me to a beautiful restaurant and would stop and buy me roses on the way.He would enjoy taking me see a movie or a play. He would play hooky and skip work Just because he wants to spend the day with me. My ideal husband would love being married to me and I would tell him every single day, for the rest of my life, that he Is the love of my life. I would enjoy showing him off to the entire world and for the world to know that he Is all mine. He would help with the kids; feeding them, bathing them, changing them, helping them with emperor, If we decide to have kids.He would be the kind of husband that would enjoy p lanning holiday trips with me to spend the holidays elsewhere, for Just the two of us. He would be the kind of husband that would love me for eternity. My Ideal husband would be my very best friend and would see me as the only human being he would ever love passionately and he would know that I feel the exact same way about him. I want a wife By titivation I Want a Wife In Judy Suffers-Brady essay â€Å"l Want a Wife,† she is explaining why she would what an ideal wife for herself.She starts explaining that the ideal wife will work, cook, which include keeping up with the their doctor appointments, washing the children's and to also make sure they have adequate social life with their peers. This is the single day, for the rest of my life, that he is the love of my life. I would enjoy showing him off to the entire world and for the world to know that he is all mine. He would homework, if we decide to have kids. He would be the kind of husband that would ideal husband would be my very best friend and would see me as the only human

The Role of Lease Financing in Bangladesh

Introduction Lease financing is comparatively a new concept in the financial sector and has got recognition as aninnovative source of finance for accelerating the pace of industrialization as well as economic growth of  Bangladesh. Leasing companies have registered substantial growth in lease financing during the year 1985through 1994.Since 1995 to date, growth in lease market has significantly slowed down because of sluggisheconomic activities, withdrawal of incentives by the government, imposition of cash resource requirementwith Bangladesh Bank as per Finance Act 1998, expansion of number of leasing institutions, lack of  diversification of service and of awareness in business community about leasing etc. Researchers have alsofound that leasing companies need to develop their professionals and should come in the market with newmarketing strategy. BackgroundBangladesh is a least developed country in the world with per capita GDP Tk. 11. 284 (USD 230). She suffersfrom poverty, i mperfection in both, factor and product market, continuous in equilibrium in the economy,defective administrative structure in both financial and non-financial sector, inappropriate tax structure,heavy dependence on assistance from World Bank including other International Lending Agencies andDonor Countries, lack of capital stock, massive unemployment, political turmoil and unhealthy environmentfor investment.With the emergence of Bangladesh as an independent country in 1971, the thenGovernment nationalized all commercial Banks with the hope of accelerating industrial growth throughfinancial, fiscal and other supports. Since the inception of independent Bangladesh, Commercial Banks,Development Financial Institutions and Investment Corporation of Bangladesh have been the major sourcesof industrial finance in the country. These Banks were predominately serving the public sector by extendingsupport in the form of long term loan, working capital finance, bridge finance etc. and had limi ted experiencein trade, commerce and industry.Due to dearth of experience in investment decision, project financing,recovery of loan and recycle of loan, both entrepreneurs and Banking Financial Institutions coupled withdifficulties at every stage of development and accomplishment which ultimately led to the emergence of  many sick industries. The Development Financial Institutions (DFI s) that depend largely on external assistance suffer fromfinancial constrains because of ineffective project appraisal. Imprudent investment decisions, poor recoveryand inability to recycle of loan which resulted in withdrawal of fund by international donors.As a result of  poor performance and withdrawal of external support, the liquidity position of DFI s have declined and abilityof sanctioning fresh loan and of refinancing sick industries reduced. Nationalized commercial Banks areusually reluctant to finance capital expenditure due to higher financial risk and poor recovery and designedto prom ote the nonproductive sectors. Besides, their loan operation was substantially diminished due toadditional cash reserve requirement imposed by Bangladesh Bank in order to curb inflation. Consequently,genuine industrial clients are affected by their limited access to the long-term local currency loan.Thiscontention is evident from the fact that the private sector remains in massive default to the DFI s and NCB s,90% of borrowers to DFI s are in defaulting and recovery rates are as low as 10% of the total recoverableamount. On the other hand, Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE), the only stock market of Bangladesh is not wellorganized and therefore failed to mobilize sufficient fund to meet the demand of the capital market of thecountry. During 1972-84, public sector financial institutions were found totally failure in developing industrialsector and promoting first generation of industrial entrepreneurs

Gideon Katey Fayorsey’s Manifesto

Manifesto Madam electoral commissioner, Honourable executive manageress and supervisor of studies, Teaching and unteaching staffs of this noble institution, Enthusiastic student, co-aspirant, Invited guest, Distinguished ladies and gentlemen I greet you all. My name is Gideon Katey Fayorsey vying for the office of the school prefect and I deem it an honour to stand before you this morning to read my manifesto.As we all know here comes another election season or era which is characterised by the handing over of spiritual and physical batons from the old Elijah’s to the new Elisha’s First and foremost I would like to tell you reasons why you should vote for me, there so many reasons but I would like talk about three of them for the sake of time, to begin with I would like to tackle discipline As we all know discipline comes first in the life of an academician. We also know canning is not the only way to discipline a child but counselling which is a also very good way of d isciplining a child.Which I have started doing through spreading of the gospel. Comfortably seated Ladies and gentle imagine you disrespected a teacher when the teacher comes to the class teach will you be able to concentrate? No you cannot concentrate because at the first place you cannot look at the face of the teacher this cause many students to dislike and fail a particular subject. I Gideon Katey Fayorsey about to be elected will ensure that discipline is held in the highest level Secondly I would like talk to you about the reading of your books.Nowadays literacy week is part of our academic activities but still students find it very hard to read their books which isn’t good because the is a saying that â€Å"A man who does not read gets constipation of thoughts and diarrhea of words† I will make sure all students read at least two story books a week. And the last but not the least is My ultimate priority of the â€Å" Ancora Impara† which simply means that the attitude of learning shall I hold indisputably to ensure that my time shall see a considerably rise in academic performance with the blare of a trumpet so that we can all say something has happened out of the blues.Finally I will like to cast your vote for it is what is going to catapult me into unleashing my daring ambition. Vote for Gideon Katey Fayorsey this your decision to have a change of lifetime for it is said that â€Å"The journey of a thousand mile begins with a step† and that step is to be taken by you by voting for me. Vote Gideon Katey Fayorsey the potential potentate who has the power, ability, capability and capacity to head you towards the attainment of your aspiration. Vote and vote wisely for your vote is your greatest power and secrete. God bless you all! God Bless Great St Paul’s !! God bless Lutheran!!! Thank you all.

Portfolio Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Portfolio Project - Research Paper Example For constructing the portfolio, the stocks of internationally reputed companies like Johnson & Johnson (JNJ), South-west Airlines (LUV), IBM, Procter & Gamble (PG) and Hewlett & Packard (HPQ) has been selected. These companies pay dividend which is one of the pre-requisites set by the client. All the information relating to profitability, operations and other related activities of the company are easily accessible. This is important as the analysis of the company fundamentals is possible only if the requisite information is available. Moreover the selected companies belong to various sectors thus fulfilling the main purpose of portfolio i.e. ‘diversification’. Johnson & Johnson is the leading health services provider in US. The company extends support for the promotion of health and related services. It started its operations in the country nearly 20 years back and is presently working towards a global expansion. South-west Airlines is the leading airlines in US that managed to retain profitability even amidst the recent financial turmoil. During this time when the major airlines across the globe were struggling to stay afloat South-west Airlines managed its profitability status through efficient management operations. International Business Machines (IBM) is an IT company operating across five segments Global Business Services Segment (GBS), Global Technology Services (GTS) and Global Financing Segment. In the last few years the company has been engaged in the acquisition of companies like SPSS Inc, Lombardi, National Interest Security Company LLC etc (MSN Money-a, 2010). Procter & Gamble provides branded consumer goods. The company operates across 180countries through grocery stores, drug stores, mass merchandisers etc. Its business segments include beauty grooming, baby care, home care, health care, pet care family care and fabric care (MSN Money-b, 2010). The prices of all the above