Urban air pollution and the automobile Research Paper

Literary Essays :: Literature

In scholarly articles, understudies are investigating importance and development of a bit of writing. In an audit understudies are talking about by and large impact and legitimacy of composed work, while in a scholarly article understudies are giving more consideration to points of interest. Understudies are taking a bit of composing and attempting to find how and why it is assembled way it is. Understudies must receive a perspective on work being referred to and show how subtleties of work bolster their perspective. Like the novel, the paper is an artistic gadget for saying nearly everything about nearly anything. By convention, nearly by definition, the exposition is a short piece, and it is in this way difficult to give everything full play inside the constraints of a solitary article. Yet, an assortment of papers can make nearly as much progress, and spread it nearly as completely, as can a long novel. Montaigne's Third Book is the proportional, practically, of a decent cut of the Comã ©die Humaine. Expositions have a place with an abstract animal groups whose outrageous changeability can be concentrated most viably inside a three-poled edge of reference. There is the shaft of the individual and the personal, there is the post of the goal, the authentic, the solid specific, and there is the post of the theoretical all inclusive. Most writers are at home and at their best in the area of just one of the exposition's three posts, or at the most just in the area of two of them. There are the ove rwhelmingly close to home writers, who compose parts of intelligent collection of memoirs and who take a gander at the world through the keyhole of account and depiction. There are the dominatingly target writers who don't talk straightforwardly of themselves, however turn their consideration outward to some scholarly or logical or political topic. †¦ And how impressive, how genuinely mysterious are the articulations of the extraordinary generalizers! †¦ The most luxuriously fulfilling articles are those which make the best not of one, not of two, however of all the three universes wherein it is feasible for the paper to exist The examination paper drives understudies into works of others and requests that understudies contrast their contemplations and their own.

Sumter, Thomas

Sumter, Thomas Sumter, Thomas, 1734â€"1832, American Revolutionary officer, b. near Charlottesville, Va. He served with Edward Braddock (1755) and John Forbes (1758) in their expeditions against Fort Duquesne in the French and Indian War, and later he fought against the Cherokee. He settled (1765) in South Carolina. Like Francis Marion, he formed (1780) a guerrilla band in the Revolution and harassed the British in the Carolinas. He and the British leader, Banastre Tarleton, struck at each other through 1780. The gamecock of the Revolution, as Sumter was called, was successful at Hanging Rock, barely escaped with his life at Fishing Creek, was repulsed in a raid on the British post at Rocky Mount, but won again at Blackstock. After the war, he was U.S. Representative (1789â€"93, 1797â€"1801), Senator (1801â€"10), and minister to Brazil (1810â€"11). Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor is named for him. See biographies by A. K. Gregorie (1931) and R. D. Bass (1961). The Columbia Electronic Ency clopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Depression in the Elderly Essay - 3716 Words

Running Head: Seniors, Health and the Healthcare Industry Seniors, Health and the Healthcare Industry Seniors, Health and the Healthcare Industry Abstract As most of society is aware of healthcare is a hot topic and it is an issue that affects most everyone, from newborns to centenarians. I am going to show what issues affect most of our seniors in regards to mental challenges, cognitive degeneration, and physical health issues. In addition I am going to show how these changes jeopardize the independence and safety issues of seniors who live alone. I will show various ways of counteracting the different healthcare concerns that can restrict the effects of a disease or limit the symptoms of various illnesses. No matter how one feels†¦show more content†¦The average length of time a person usually lives with this incapacitating disease is about 8-10 years. While there is not a known cure at this time, there are things that can be done that will assist more positive, aging process and lessen the effects of Alzheimer’s. One suggestion that greatly reduced falls in seniors, which is a component of the disease was exercise. P articipants who engaged in a fall prevention program, not only suffered fewer falls but increased cognitive functioning as well. Another suggestion according to Drs. Michael Jansen and Mark Liponis is to take the coenzyme q10, which is necessary for energy production. It helps protect not only against Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s, but it also help fight heart failure and lower blood pressure. Actively participate in activities that engage or stimulate the mind such as reading, writing, playing the piano, working crossword puzzles, learning a new language or even playing chess or checkers. Of course, eating fresh fruits and vegetables is always a good counter agent in fighting the effects of any disease. A surprising fact that came to light in a study done in 2005 that found that healthy people who consumed more than 400 micrograms of folate, a B vitamin, which is found naturally in many foods, cut their risk of developing Alzheimer’s in half! Testing in now go ing on to see if the results would be the same if a person already hadShow MoreRelatedDepression in the Elderly Essay1261 Words   |  6 PagesDepression in the Elderly Depression later in life frequently coexists with other medical illnesses and disabilities. In addition, advancing age is often accompanied by loss of key social support systems due to the death of a spouse or siblings, retirement, and/or relocation of residence. Because of their change in circumstances and the fact that theyre expected to slow down, doctors and family may miss the diagnosis of depression in elderly people, delaying effective treatment. As a resultRead MoreEssay on Depression Inventory for the Elderly (Die)997 Words   |  4 PagesDepression Inventory for the Elderly (DIE) Depression is one of the most recurrently investigated psychological disorders within the area of medical RD (Montorio Izal, 1996). A number of exhaustive researches have been carried out to study its symptoms and impacts on different patients belonging to different personal and professional attributes and most of these researchers depicted that depression in the elderly people is very frequent and in spite of number of researches in this contextRead More Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression in the Elderly Essay2394 Words   |  10 PagesDiagnosis and Treatment of Depression in the Elderly Mental disorders are becoming more prevalent in todays society as people add stress and pressure to their daily lives. The elderly population is not eliminated as a candidate for a disorder just because they may be retired. In fact, mental disorders affect 1 in 5 elderly people. One would think that with disorders being rather prevalent in this age group that there would be an abundance of treatment programs, but this is not the case. Read MoreThe Effects of Old Age on the Body1697 Words   |  7 PagesTim Cramer Aging: What to expect as you get older This article is all about physical effects on the body as a person gets older. For my essay, most of these facts will be important to catch the attention of my reader, and define the problem to my thesis. It seems that age affects every system of the body. The heart will become less efficient and must work harder. Bones, joints and muscles will become thinner, less dense, and weaker. Constipation and loss of bladder control will become more commonRead MoreMental And Behavioral Health Services1216 Words   |  5 Pagestopic of the elderly and the struggles that they face. This following issue affects me personally because I see it every day at an acute care hospital where I work. I have observed how their family members treat some of them. How they ultimately become a heavy responsibility to their family members, making them feel melancholy about their age and life. Some families are caring to their elderly family member while others begin to demonstrate signs of caregiver burnout. In this essay, I will discussRead MoreDepression in Older People753 Words   |  4 Pagestoday’s world.This essay will present the manifestation of ‘depression in an elderly client in a community mental health setting. Depression among the elderly differs from depression in the younger adults which are accompanied by physical symptoms and co-morbidities rather than emotional symptoms. The presentation of these somatic conditions make the diagnosis of depression difficult in older people and therefore requires the identification of differences in symptoms of depression and coexisting somaticRead MoreDepression, Types and Causes1124 Words   |  5 PagesDepression: types and causes. 1 Burgundy Carroll COM 150, Effective Essay Writing June 4, 2010 Jennifer Lloyd 2 Depression is very common; it may be as simple as a change in the weather or as difficult as a chemical imbalance in the brain. There are many different types of depression. I am going to choose just a few, to look at a little closer. The types of depression I am going toRead MoreCoronary Heart Disease ( Chd )890 Words   |  4 Pagestheir psychological characteristics to a great extent. This essay aims to compare the differences of employment and family structure of women in different socioeconomic groups in the UK and give explanations on their relation to the risk factors of CHD. In 2013, British Sociology Association divided the British population into 7 social classes, ranging from â€Å"the elite† to â€Å"the precariat† (British Sociological Association, 2013). This essay will categorise â€Å"the elite†, â€Å"the established middle class†Read MoreArea in Social Care Im Interested in1471 Words   |  6 Pagesand delivery of quality care and other support services for individuals and groups with identified needs. Social Care Worker plans and provides professional individual or group care to clients with personal and social needs†. (Share, 2009). In this essay I have been asked to research an area in social care that I am interested in. I am also asked to explore the role of a social care worker in my chosen area. I have defined social care and a social care worker. I will research an organisation or serviceRead MoreElderly Drivers Informational Essay1178 Words   |  5 PagesInformational Essay Currently there is an extremely important issue that the public should understand more about due to its enormous impact on many citizens. This issue pertains to the safety concern surrounding the elderly while operating a motor vehicle past the age of 70 years old. This debate whether old people should be allowed to drive is often brought up by younger drivers, the reality is that all able bodied people who are physically and mentally healthy should be able to drive but

Globalisation Is a Euphamism for Neo-Colonialism Free Essays

Globalisation is a euphemism for neo-colonialism. Discuss. Globalisation is a complex and multifaceted issue (Bayliss 2008:252). We will write a custom essay sample on Globalisation Is a Euphamism for Neo-Colonialism or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, this essay will on the imbalance between western powers and the developing world and consequential exploitation, which, rather than being condemned as neo-colonialism, is justified as globalisation. The end of colonial rule did not mark the end of the trend of economic control and exploitation of the developing world (Manzo 2009:267). The cultural, political and economic effects of globalisation upon the developing world resemble that of neo-colonial power – an inequality that is defended by the benevolence of neo-liberalism and egalitarianism of the free market. This essay will focus on the cultural and political international dominance of the west and economic partiality of globalised institutions, referring to IR theories of globalisation defending it as beneficial (Bayliss 2008:248, Pasha 2009:330) and condemning it as capitalist imperialism. Colonialism describes a period of expansion and exploitation by European powers spanning the 15th to 20th Century, the ‘political control, physical occupation, and domination of people†¦ and their land’ (Crawford 2002:131). Between 1946 and 1976 European powers granted independence to all their colonies. However, Horvath writing in 1972 argues that neo-colonialism swiftly followed its predecessor (Horvath 1972:46). Neo-colonialism implies that whilst post-colonial states attained nominal sovereignty within the international system, they remain dependent upon western powers and are subsequently politically controlled, culturally conditioned and economically exploited (Nkrumah 1968:x-xii). States with the ‘†¦outward trappings of international sovereignty’ but in reality have their ‘economic system and thus its political policy†¦ directed from outside. ’ (Nkrumah 1968:xi) Globalization can be defined as the expansion of ‘worldwide interconnectedness’; where states integrate and supranational institutions are formed. Whilst stronger states control their involvement, weaker states are forced to integrate, being influenced rather than influencing (Bayliss 2008:255). Neo-liberalism argues integration is beneficial (Bayliss 2008:249, Sorenson 1997:10) globalization will ‘restructure the world economy without the need for interventionist policies’ creating equality within a competitive free market (Hirst 1999:134). World-system theory however, describes monopoly capitalism where rich ‘core’ states exploit ‘peripheral’ poorer states, essentially an international class system (Bayliss 2008:147, Wallerstein: 1989). Realist thought, would argue that powerful states merely use the globalised system for their own benefit (Waltz 1979). Globalization could therefore be seen as an ‘instrument for imperialism’ favoring strong capitalist states (Bayliss 2008:153) essentially a euphemism for neo-colonialism. Democracy is promoted through globalization based upon neoliberal ideals of humanities right to ‘libertarian happiness’ (Morgenthau 1960:100). The political weight of Western thought, and the professed moral legitimacy of its international promotion highlights a neo-colonial dominance (Nkrumah 1968:ix), The Western world believes international co-operation can only safely occur between liberal democratic states (Owen 1994:96). ‘Separate peace’ (Doyle 1986:1151), co-operation solely between liberal democracies, can be seen through EU accession criteria (Europa 2010:Copenhagen Criteria) and ENP policy (DeBardeleben 2008:21) and IMF and World Bank loan policy (Cogan 2009:211). Imposing Western political principles using economic incentive. Here, humanitarian aid is a gift of neo-colonialism; foreign capital used for the exploitation rather than the development of the third world (Nkrumah 1968:x) For Western powers force is often a necessary option against illiberal states (Hoffman 1995:31) Owen 1994:97). US involvement in Afghanistan and Iraq has been motivated by the desire to spread democracy and ensure security (Owen 1994:125-127). This power politics contradicts equality of neo-liberal co-operation in globalization suggesting political homogeneity imposed by an imperialist force. Realists argue that states espouse humanitarian motives as a pretext to cover the pursuit of national self-interest (Franck and Rodley 1973). Nato selectivity of response in Kosovo (1999) failing to act in Sudan (Bayliss 2008:527) and the illegitimate intervention of France in Rwanda (1994) expose a flawed international justice, where Western powers act without restraint. In 2005 the UN adopted the ‘responsibility to protect’, giving itself legitimate right act upon human rights breaches. This is one of many examples of nternational institutions imposing Western political and moral ethics justified by an international responsibility (Morgan 1972:33-34); a practice widely accepted in Western public opinion (Reisman 1985:279-80). Globalization is essentially creating an international super power that transcends state borders possessing hegemony on moral and political principles with a self-legitimised right to enforce them. Defenders of globalization suggest the internatio nal community is one of shared and defended values. However, these values are presented by the West, who misuse this influence to intervene without justification. Globalization has allowed for an increased flow of culture and traditions internationally. However, this flow has not been evenhanded, media dominance of Western powers dwarfing smaller states. The advanced nature of US media and sheer weight of capital has created ‘Media Imperialism’ (Sklair 2002:167) where the developed world is flooded by broadcasting promoting Western products, creating an externally dictated popular culture. The consequence is a developed world dominated by Western products e. g. Coco cola; the best selling drink in the world (Coca Cola 2010). Under the theory of neo-colonialism, neo-colonial states are obliged to purchase manufactured products from imperial powers to the deficit of local products (Nkrumah 1968:ix). The culture and products of powerful societies are not imposed upon weak societies by force or occupation (Crawford 2002:131, Sklair 2002:168) but underhandedly via an internationally dominant media ‘limited to Anglo-American interests’ (Lee 1980:82). Whilst globalization arguably encourages multiculturalism (Bayliss 2008:423), a disparate International system has created a dominant culture within the global community (Kymlicka 1991:182) that exploits its status to the demise of the developing world (Golding and Harris 1997). Colonialism saw a moral arrogance with missionaries striving to create ‘a replica of ones own country upon the natives’ (Emerson 1969:13-14) a ‘noble purpose of saving the wretched. ‘ (Horvath 1972:46) Colonial powers occupied weaker states, imposing culture, religion and values based upon a superiority of power, policing and governing without legitimacy (Crawford 002:131-133). Similarly neo-colonialism operates in ‘political, religious, ideological and cultural spheres’ where the powerful ‘transform â€Å"the other† into oneself’ (Toje 2008:83) based on moral conceit. Globalisation has revealed conformity to Western democracy and culture, whether it h as been received or enforced is the issue of debate. Globalisation as ‘interconnectedness’ (Bayliss 2008:252) economically the ‘integration of national economies into global markets’ (Todaro 2000:713) is driven by economic growth. The creation of the international free market intended to have a beneficial effect on developing countries (Hirst 1999:134) ‘shifting power away from developed countries to the rest of the world’ (Martin 1997:12). However, free market competition creates losers, often the most vulnerable ‘feminized’ states (Peterson 2009:287). Whilst globalisation did not create inequality, the solution for development was flawed, merely worsening the imbalance (Peterson 2009:287) – arguably, colonialism creating inequality, neo-colonialism maintaining it (Horvath 1972:46). Realists believe states only benefit at other states expense (Art, Waltz: 1988:67-68) suggesting neo-liberal ideas of development would harm the developed nations. Whilst international economic institutions such as the WTO, IMF and World Bank are intended to maintain free trade and assist developing countries, they have often been accused actually maintaining inequality (Peterson 2009:291) for the benefit of elites (Gray 1998, Greider 1997). A free market is intended to be free, impartial and competitive (Bayliss 2008:249). However, the rules of world trade are created, and therefore weighted in favor of rich countries. For example, trade-related aspects of international policy rights require international patent protection favour firms based in the Western World who hold 90% of patents forcing expensive products on the developed world who cannot produced their own low cost versions, the worst example being that of patented medicine (Watkins 2002:78). The double standards of the free market are also apparent in trade tariffs (Anderson 2006:147-159). Northern governments promote free trade and use the IMF and World Bank to impose import liberalization on poor states (Romano 2004:1012). Yet they refuse to open their own markets, south-north export trade tariffs cost developing countries $10 billion annually, twice the amount they receive from humanitarian aid (Watkins 2002:79). International economic institutions are essentially governed by Western powers – the World bank presidential post dominated by American citizens since its creation, not based on votes but informal agreements between the US and European stakeholders (Cogan 2009:209) Since the outset the US has shown dominance (Gowa 1983) creating the ‘Bretton Woods system’ in 1944 and causing its breakdown, in 1971 (Bayliss 2008:245). The competition of the free market, handicapped against the third world by dishonest steward of international economic institutions has allowed for economic hegemony – post-colonial states remaining dependant upon their ‘former masters’ (Young 2001:45). Marxist theories fit alarmingly with criticisms of globalization, World System Theory and Dependency Theory showing resources flowing from â€Å"periphery† of poor, underdeveloped states to a â€Å"core† of wealthy states (Bayliss 2008:147). Poor states are ‘impoverished and rich ones enriched’ by the way poor states are forced into the globalised world system (Blomstrom 1984:8-45). Lenin’s work Imperialism, The Highest stage of Capitalism shows a ‘capitalist monopoly’, essentially neo-colonial ‘periphery’ at the bottom of a tiered international system, a system Marxist’s would argue is essentially globalisation (Bayliss 2008:157). However, unlike colonialism globalization has arguably empowered ideas above states, giving the defenders of ‘neo-colonial’ states a louder voice. Social Constructivism argues that globalisation is far deeper than interaction between states (Snyder 2004:60). Whilst colonialism remained acceptable for centuries, the exploitation and imbalance of the current world system does not go unnoticed, numerous NGOs pressuring government institutions and operating independently as aid organizations. Globalisation has created an imbalanced world system retaining North-South divides that emerged during Colonialism (Horvath 1972:46). Whilst neo-liberal free markets aimed to resolve the inequalities, Realism argues flaws and bias within the current international system were retained and created as to ensure the Western powers remained economically powerful over the developing world (Emerson 1969:15). Emerson claims it would be a ‘turning point in history’ for global systems not to bring forth a ‘new imperialism and new colonialism’ (Emerson 1969:16). The cultural and moral dominance of Western powers and active promotion of values, for the ‘benefit’ of the developing world however, is a far more malevolent sign that globalization is a euphemism for neo-colonialism (Nkrumah 1968:xi). Bibliography Articles J. Cogan (2009) ‘Representation and Power in International Organization: The Operational Constitution and Its Critics’ The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 03, No. 2, pp. 209-263 R. Emerson (1969) ‘Colonialism’, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 3-16 J. Horvath (1972) ‘A Definition of Colonialism’ Current Anthropology, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 45-57 J. M. Owen, (1994) ‘How Liberalism Produces Democratic Peace’, International Security, Vol. 19, No. 2 (Autumn, 1994). p p. 87-125. D. Roman, R. Sandbrook (2004) ‘Globalisation, extremism and violence in poor countries’ Third World Quarterly, Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 1007-1030. K. Watkins (2002) ‘Is the WTO Legit? ’ Foreign Policy, No. 132, pp. 78-79 J. Snyder (2004) ‘One World, Rival Theories’ Foreign Policy, No. 145, pp. 62-62. Books J. Art and K. Waltz (ed. ) (1988) The use of force London: University press of America. N. Crawford (2002) Argument and Change in World Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press J. DeBardeleben (2008) The boundaries of EU Enlargement, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan P. Hirst, G. Thompson (1999) Globalization question, Cambridge: Polity Press S. Hoffman (1987) Janus and Minerva Essays in the Theory and Practice of International Politics, Boulder: Westview Press. W. Greider (1997) One World Ready or Not: The Manic Logic of Global Capitalism, New York: Simon and Schuster J. Gray (1998) False Dawn: The Delusions of Global Capitalism. London: Granta Books J. Gowa (1983) Closing the Cold Window, New York: Cornell University Press W. Kymlicka (1991) Liberalism Community and Culture, Oxford: Clarendon Press K. Nkrumah (1965) Neo-colonialism : the last stage of imperialism, London: Nelson C. Lee (1980) Media Imperialism Reconsidered: The Homogenizing of Television Culture California: Sage L. Sklair (2002) Globalization, Capitalism and its alternatives, New York: Oxford University Press M. Todaro (2000) Economic Development, Harlow: Addison Wesley Longman A. Toje (2008) America, The EU and Strategic Culture London: Routledge R. Young (2001) ‘Post-colonialism: An Historical Introduction’ Book Chapters K. Manzo (2009) ‘Do colonialism and slavery belong to the past’ (ed. ) J. Edkins, M. Zehfuss, Global Politics and new introduction, London: Routledge, pp. 244-271. V. Peterson (2009) ‘How is the world organized economically? ’ (ed. ) J. Edkins, M. Zehfuss, Global Politics and new introduction, London: Routledge, pp. 271-294. M. Pasha (2009) ‘How can we end poverty’ (ed. J. Edkins, M. Zehfuss, Global Politics and new introduction, London: Routledge, pp. 320-344 K. Anderson (2006) ‘Subsidies and Trade Barriers’ (ed. ) Bjorn Lomborg How to Spend $50 to Make the World a Better Place, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 147-159. A. Bellamy, N. Wheeler (2008) ‘Humanitarian Intervention in World Politic s’ (ed. ) John Baylis, Steve Smith, Patricia Owens The Globalization of world politics New York: Oxford university press. pp. 522-538. S. Hobden, R. Wyn Jones (2008) ‘Marxist theories of International Relations’ (ed. John Baylis, Steve Smith, Patricia Owens The Globalization of world politics New York: Oxford university press. pp. 142-157. N. Woods (2008) ‘International political economy in an age of globalization’ (ed. ) John Baylis, Steve Smith, Patricia Owens The Globalization of world politics New York: Oxford university press. pp. 244-258 Websites Coco-Cola Company, http://www. coca-cola. com/index. jsp Europa, Copenhagen Criteria, http://europa. eu/scadplus/glossary/accession_criteria_copenhague_en. htm Europa, ENP policy, http://ec. europa. eu/world/enp/policy_en. htm How to cite Globalisation Is a Euphamism for Neo-Colonialism, Essay examples

The difference between price and non price competition Essay Example For Students

The difference between price and non price competition Essay Outline1 Introduction2 Market Structure3 Elasticity4 Co-efficient of snap = Percentage alteration in Angstrom5 Percentage alteration in B6 Price Elasticity7 Ep gt ; 18 0 lt ; Ep lt ; 19 Ep = 110 Ep = a?z11 Ep = 012 Cross Elasticity13 Income Elasticity14 EY = % alteration in measure consumed15 % alteration in income16 Income snap gt ; 1: Superior goods17 Income snap gt ; 0 and a†°Ã‚ ¤ 1: Normal goods18 Income snap lt ; 0: Inferior goods19 Monetary value Competition20 Non Price Competition21 Points of Difference between Price and Non-price Competition22 Major Factors act uponing Pricing Decisions 23 Shop Visited Big Bazaar, Vasant Square Mall24 Detailss of Display The shampoo section was chiefly divided amongst 3 racks25 The show was as follows 26 1st Rack Head and Shoulders, Clinic All Clear, Garnier Fructis, Clinic Plus, Vivel27 2nd Rack Pantene, Loreal, Dove, Sunsilk, Fiama Di Wills28 3rd Rack Nyle, Chik, Halo, Himalaya, Vatika Introduction In economic sciences, market is defined as any topographic point where the Sellerss of certain peculiar goods and services meet with the purchasers of the same goods and services and a dealing can take topographic point amongst the two. Any market has two primary facets, which are demand and supply. Demand and supply are the most of import constructs of a market economic system. We will write a custom essay on The difference between price and non price competition specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Demand is defined as the sum of goods or services that consumers will readily purchase at different monetary values within a given clip period, during which factors other than the monetary value are held changeless. Whereas supply is defined as the sum of goods or services that manufacturers are ready to sell at different monetary values within a given clip period, during which factors other than monetary value are held changeless. In this reply we will be looking at both the demand every bit good as the supply side of the market. Hence we will see both the manufacturer and the consumers point of position. From the consumers point of position we will be looking at the construct of snap while from the manufacturers point of position we will see the market construction every bit good as the monetary value and non-price competition that exists in it. Market Structure Interconnected features of a market, such as the figure and comparative strength of purchasers and Sellerss and grade of collusion among them, degree and signifiers of competition, extent of merchandise distinction and easiness of entry into and issue from the market. Four basic types of market construction are ( 1 ) Perfect Competition-Many purchasers and Sellerss, none being able to act upon monetary values ( 2 ) Monopoly-Single marketer with considerable control over supply and monetary values ( 3 ) Oligopoly-Several big Sellerss who have some control over the monetary values and ( 4 ) Monopolistic-Large figure of Sellerss sell differentiated merchandises which are close replacements for one another. Perfect Competition- A absolutely competitory market is one in which there is a big figure of purchasers and Sellerss of a homogeneous merchandise and neither a marketer nor a purchaser has any control on the monetary value of the merchandise. A absolutely competitory market is assumed to hold the undermentioned characteristic Large figure of purchasers and sellers- The figure of Sellerss is assumed to be so big that the portion of each marketer in the entire supply of a merchandise is really little. Thus the houses are price-takers non price-makers. Monopoly- It is market state of affairs in which there is a individual marketer of a trade good of lasting differentiation without close replacements. A monopoly house enjoys an absolute power to bring forth and sell a trade good. Monopoly houses excessively have to confront indirect competition ; there are at least two chief beginnings of indirect competition. One beginning of indirect competition is competition between monopoly goods and other goods produced by other monopolies and competitory houses for claiming a considerable portion in consumers budget. And the 2nd beginning of indirect competition is from the handiness and monetary value of inferior replacements. Oligopoly- It is a market dominated by a comparatively little figure of big houses. The merchandises they sell may be either standardised or differentiated. Part of the control that houses in oligopoly markets exercise over monetary value and end product roots from their ability to distinguish their merchandises. But market power besides comes from their sheer size and market laterality. Whether the Sellerss in an oligopolistic market vie against each other by distinguishing their merchandise, ruling market portion, or both, the fact that there are comparatively few Sellerss creates a state of affairs where each is carefully watching the other as it sets its monetary value. In economic science we refer to this pricing behaviour as common mutuality. This means that each marketer is puting its monetary value while explicitly sing the reaction by its rivals to the monetary value that it establishes. .ua74df2f0787ce096351c0349dd9292ae , .ua74df2f0787ce096351c0349dd9292ae .postImageUrl , .ua74df2f0787ce096351c0349dd9292ae .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua74df2f0787ce096351c0349dd9292ae , .ua74df2f0787ce096351c0349dd9292ae:hover , .ua74df2f0787ce096351c0349dd9292ae:visited , .ua74df2f0787ce096351c0349dd9292ae:active { border:0!important; } .ua74df2f0787ce096351c0349dd9292ae .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua74df2f0787ce096351c0349dd9292ae { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua74df2f0787ce096351c0349dd9292ae:active , .ua74df2f0787ce096351c0349dd9292ae:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua74df2f0787ce096351c0349dd9292ae .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua74df2f0787ce096351c0349dd9292ae .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua74df2f0787ce096351c0349dd9292ae .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua74df2f0787ce096351c0349dd9292ae .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua74df2f0787ce096351c0349dd9292ae:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua74df2f0787ce096351c0349dd9292ae .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua74df2f0787ce096351c0349dd9292ae .ua74df2f0787ce096351c0349dd9292ae-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua74df2f0787ce096351c0349dd9292ae:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Have we learnt from the Holocaust? EssayMonopolistic- It is a market in which there are many houses and comparatively easy entry. These two features are really similar to those of perfect completion. What enables houses to put their monetary values ( that is to be monopolistic ) is merchandise distinction. By somehow converting their clients that what they are selling is non the same as the offerings of other houses in the market, a monopolistic rival is able to put its monetary value at a degree that is higher than the monetary value established by the forces of supply and demand under conditions of perfect competition. Elasticity Elasticity is defined as a per centum relationship between two variables, that is, the per centum alteration in one variable relation to a per centum alteration in another. Co-efficient of snap = Percentage alteration in Angstrom Percentage alteration in B Price Elasticity The measuring of sensitiveness of the alteration in measure demanded is to a alteration in monetary value in per centum footings is called the monetary value snap of demand. Demand monetary value snap is defined as a per centum alteration in measure demanded caused by 1percent alteration in monetary value. Harmonizing to economic experts there are three classs of monetary value snap ( Ep ) : 1.Relative Elasticity of Demand Ep gt ; 1 This occurs when a 1percent alteration in monetary value causes a alteration in measure demanded greater than 1percent. 2.Relative Inelasticity of Demand 0 lt ; Ep lt ; 1 Here the per centum alteration in monetary value is greater than the corresponding alteration in measure. 3.Unitary Elasticity of Demand Ep = 1 A 1percent alteration in monetary value consequences in a 1percent alteration in measure in the opposite way. There are two confining instances at the extremes of the snap graduated table 1.Perfect Elasticity Ep = a?z In this instance there is merely one possible monetary value and at that monetary value an limitless measure can be sold. 2.Perfect Inelasticity Ep = 0 Under this status the measure demanded remains the same regardless of monetary value. Cross Elasticity Cross snap or cross-price snap trades with the impact in per centum on the measure demanded of a peculiar merchandise created by a monetary value alteration in a related merchandise while everything else remains changeless. In economic science, there are two types of relationship replacement good and complementary good. Substitutes are the same merchandises but are sold by different providers and one provider can be considered a replacement for the other. Complements are the merchandises that are consumed or used together along with one merchandise. The cross snap ( EA, B ) is a step of the per centum alteration in measure demanded of merchandise A resulting from a 1 per centum alteration in the monetary value of merchandise B. The general equation can be written as Income Elasticity Measure of sale is a map of or does acquire influenced by the consumers income. Harmonizing to economic experts, income snap ( EY ) is a step of the per centum alteration in measure consumed ensuing from a 1percent alteration in income. The general equation can be written as EY = % alteration in measure consumed % alteration in income Some merchandises will be demanded by consumers whose incomes are low, but as incomes rise and consumers feel better off they will switch ingestion to goods more commensurate with their new economic position. Commodities of this type are normally referred to as inferior goods. So, in the construct of income snap there are three classs Income snap gt ; 1: Superior goods Income snap gt ; 0 and a†°Ã‚ ¤ 1: Normal goods Income snap lt ; 0: Inferior goods Monetary value Competition Price competition involves viing houses seeking to crush each other in footings of the monetary values they sell their merchandise at. Firms viing in monetary values respond rapidly and sharply to their rivals monetary values. These houses try to capture a larger portion of the market by selling the merchandises at the lowest monetary value. Match and crush the monetary value of the competition. To vie efficaciously, need to be the lowest cost manufacturer. Must be willing and able to alter the monetary value often. Need to react rapidly and sharply. Rivals can besides react rapidly to your enterprises. Customers adopt trade name exchanging to utilize the lowest priced trade name. Sellers move along the demand curve by raising and take downing monetary values. Non Price Competition Emphasize merchandise characteristics, service, quality etc. Can construct client trueness towards the trade name. Must be able to separate trade name through alone merchandise characteristics. Customer must be able to comprehend the differences in trade names and see them as desirable. Should be hard / impossible for rivals to emulate the differences ( Patents ) . Must advance the distinguishing characteristics to make client consciousness. Monetary value differences must be offset by the sensed benefits. Sellers shift the demand curve out to the right by emphasizing typical properties. Points of Difference between Price and Non-price Competition The major difference between monetary value and non monetary value competition is that monetary value competition implies that the house accepts its demand curve as given and manipulates its monetary value in order to seek and achieve its ends, while in non monetary value competition it seeks to alter the location and form of its demand curve. .u90aa924843feb9b5eb05f57354e05ddf , .u90aa924843feb9b5eb05f57354e05ddf .postImageUrl , .u90aa924843feb9b5eb05f57354e05ddf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u90aa924843feb9b5eb05f57354e05ddf , .u90aa924843feb9b5eb05f57354e05ddf:hover , .u90aa924843feb9b5eb05f57354e05ddf:visited , .u90aa924843feb9b5eb05f57354e05ddf:active { border:0!important; } .u90aa924843feb9b5eb05f57354e05ddf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u90aa924843feb9b5eb05f57354e05ddf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u90aa924843feb9b5eb05f57354e05ddf:active , .u90aa924843feb9b5eb05f57354e05ddf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u90aa924843feb9b5eb05f57354e05ddf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u90aa924843feb9b5eb05f57354e05ddf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u90aa924843feb9b5eb05f57354e05ddf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u90aa924843feb9b5eb05f57354e05ddf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u90aa924843feb9b5eb05f57354e05ddf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u90aa924843feb9b5eb05f57354e05ddf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u90aa924843feb9b5eb05f57354e05ddf .u90aa924843feb9b5eb05f57354e05ddf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u90aa924843feb9b5eb05f57354e05ddf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: 1984 misc 12 00 EssayThe non monetary value competition is a selling scheme in which one house tries to separate its merchandise or service from viing merchandises on the footing of properties like design and craft. The house can besides separate its merchandise offering through quality of service, extended distribution, client focal point, or any other than monetary value. In instance of monetary value competition the house tries to separate its merchandise or service from viing merchandise on the footing of low monetary value. Non Price competition involves promotional outgos, selling research, new merchandise development and trade name direction cost. The promotional outgos includes advertisement, adding staff, the location convenience, gross revenues publicity, vouchers, particular orders or free gift. Firm s prefer non-price competition, inspite of extra costs involved it is normally more profitable than selling at lower monetary value and avoids the hazards of monetary value war. Although any house can utilize non monetary value competition, it is most common among Oligopolies and Monopolistically competitory houses, because houses can be highly competitory. In order to separate themselves they use non-price agencies. Major Factors act uponing Pricing Decisions Organisational and Marketing Aims Types of pricing Aim Buyers perceptual experiences Supply and Demand is an economic theoretical account of monetary value finding in the market. In the competitory market the unit monetary value of the peculiar good will change until it settles at the point where the measure demanded by the consumer ( at the current monetary value ) will be the measure supplied by the manufacturer ( at the current monetary value ) , ensuing in an economic equilibrium monetary value and measure. Shop Visited Big Bazaar, Vasant Square Mall Detailss of Display The shampoo section was chiefly divided amongst 3 racks The show was as follows 1st Rack Head and Shoulders, Clinic All Clear, Garnier Fructis, Clinic Plus, Vivel 2nd Rack Pantene, Loreal, Dove, Sunsilk, Fiama Di Wills 3rd Rack Nyle, Chik, Halo, Himalaya, Vatika Even a glimpse at the show is sufficient to province that the higher priced shampoos covered a greater every bit good as more distinguishable place to be seeable to the consumers. It was besides noticed that largely shampoo trade names of similar companies were unbroken togethar. The chief leaders in the shampoo section of the market were ITC, Hindustan Unilever, Loreal and Procter and Gamble. All these companies had more than one trade name in the market such as Hindustan Unilever Dove, Sunsilk etc. Procter and Gamble Pantene, Head A ; Shoulder etc. Loreal Loreal, Garnier etc. Not merely assorted trade names of different companies but each trade name excessively had assorted classs of shampoos such as beauty shampoo, anti-dandruff shampoo, shampoo for oily hair, shampoo for dry hair, shampoo for radiance, shampoo for colored hair, shampoos for childs etc. There were three chief sections for the differences in the class of shampoos but all the three sections were chiefly differentiated on the footing of monetary values more than quality because it was non much of an issue for the consumers to pay more for better quality. After analyzing the shampoo section in the market we got to understand that the shampoo market has got a monopolistic market construction. Monopolistic is one market in which there are many Sellerss and therefore entry of a house is comparatively much easier. Since it s a monopolistic market hence they are prosecuting in both monetary value and non-price competitions seeking to distinguish the merchandise. For illustration sing monetary value competition Chik came into market at the monetary value of Re.1 and even came up with shampoo sachets for 50p. And advertizements are besides illustrations of non-price competitions. And every bit far as non-price competition is concerned Loreal and Sunsilk are authoritative illustrations. But to be blunt trade names like Sunsilk, Pantene, Loreal vie both in monetary value and non-price competitions. But every bit far as low scope shampoos are concerned, such as Chik, Halo, Ayur etc. vie merely in monetary values. Hair attention is one such division in which consumers are really careful while exchanging trade names. By and large they do non as it affects the hair. And therefore keeping a good quality of merchandise sing this section is a basic component to pull new clients. PANTENE and DOVE has stood on that portion as there is a really less divergence of clients from these trade names. It has that attractive force power that its topographic point in the show shelf has remained unaffected. However in a monopolistic house the fringy gross should be equal to fringy cost in order to maximise its net income. Oligopoly- It is a market dominated by a comparatively little figure of big houses.

Research Paper on GPS

Research Paper on GPS Introduction The topic of this study is related to the introduction of the Global Positioning System (GPS) in the United States (U.S) and its effect on the U.S in the past ten years. Purpose The purpose of the report is to analyse the political factors influencing the development and introduction of the GPS. Hughes (1991) views on technological development will be used to support the political influences that governed the introduction of the GPS. Winner’s (Beder 1998, p.72) theory will also be used to explain the relationship between these political factors with the GPS. This report will also use Basalla’s (1988) views on social needs and choices to provide an understanding towards the relationship that existed between the society and the GPS after it has been in operation. Scope The scope will only be covering the political influences that governed the introduction of the GPS and its development. The study will also analyse the social factors that affected the use of the GPS after its introduction. Other factors such as technical, geographic and environmental would not be covered by this study. Methods of Investigation Factual and technical books regarding the GPS would be used to support the study. Government reports from the U.S will also be used in aid to support the analysis of this study. Theories used in this study would be taken from the Engineering for Sustainability text. Background The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a radionavigation systems that have been created by the United States Department of Defence (Dod). The system is made up of a constellation of 24 satellites and its various ground stations. The series of satellites called â€Å"Nav star† orbits around the earth in several orbits. The navigation system uses radio frequencies sent out by the series of satellites which can locate a position where a transmitter is present (El-Rabbany, 2002). The GPS was built for military purposes (Andrade, 2001). The development of the GPS used about US10 billion in taxpayer’s money (El-Rabbany, 2002). The GPS came to public attention after the classified information of its usage became known during the Persian Gulf War (DoD Report to Congress, 1992). The GPS was used for navigation, tracking, bomb and missile guidance, rescue and map updating (Andrade, 2001). This information is crucial in times of war for through the GPS, allied troops are able to launch assaults in the night, carry out rescue and covert operations and infiltration of enemy base camps (DoD Report to Congress, 1992). The system has only been available for public use for a decade ago. This was due to demand for the need of locating objects for various reasons and also the need of reducing cost which is the restricted limitation of applications and usage of the GPS. (Drake Rizos, 1998). The host of the GPS is the Department of Defence in the United States of America. Due to public demands, the DoD has researched and innovated the GPS system to be ready for public use. One of the aims of the system was to develop a single unified application. A single unified application that allowed more civilian use and user friendly (Logsdon, 1995). This was very attractive to real time users such as businesses and the public. Local government authorities can also benefit from it such as the police and fire departments for life and death situations. To an extent, it will also have value in terms of security of the property of a private owner. Initially, it was only affordable to large corporations, largely because of the need for insurance of a valuable item. It was a gradual process where the GPS was available for use by the general public. Due to other technological advances such as more efficient communication systems, geographic databases and innovations and breakthroughs in the microchip industry and the availability of Internet access, the GPS became more affordable; hence, it is now widely used (Andrade, 2001). In 1980, a GPS receiver cost approximately US10 000 and through innovations in the microchip industry, smaller GPS receivers were built at a fraction of the price which led to the introduction of the first hand-held receiver priced below $1000 in 1992. In 1997, the cheapest receiver up to date was introduced to the public, priced at $100 running on two AA batteries (Andrade, 2001). Although built for military purposes, due to social needs, the GPS has been innovated for the use of the public. Such uses can be seen in the field of transportation, geographic research and weather prediction (El-Rabbany, 2002). The information of position can be invaluable in these areas if given in relation to the intended path, showing points of interest and potential hazards: an aircraft position in relation to a destination; a car on a moving street map; or a boat in relation to islands and obstacles. Combined with communication technology such as the cellular phone, the knowledge of position can be life saving, reducing search and rescue mission to simply rescue mission (El-Rabbany, 2002). Transportation with GPS monitoring can keep unwanted traffic away in certain places (Drake Rizos, 1998). An example of this would be the prevention an oversize truck to travel along residential roads, against the regulations, by having a GPS tracking device on them (Drake Rizos, 1998) In business management where there are mobile goods such as a concrete truck, the truck can be fixed with a GPS tracking device. This could help improve productivity as the company can keep track of where it is. Hence, the customer can ask the concrete company where the truck is and when precisely her/his delivery can arrive. The GPS can also aid in environmental research such as wild life research and help to locate rehabilitated animals which have been released. Thus locating them through the GPS, researchers can observe their tracks and have a better understanding of the specie (Kreiter, 2001). Engineers at Purdue University and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) have developed a way to use GPS satellites to monitor the environment, which could lead to better weather prediction models (Kreiter, 2001). They had been trying to develop a system using GPS signals to image things on the ground, measuring soil moisture and the thickness of ice on the Earth’s surface (Kreiter, 2001). The advantage of using the GPS signal to make the measurements over existing equipments is that it cuts the amount of the hardware necessary by more than half. The GPS measurements appear to be just as accurate as dedicated transmitters and receivers currently in use, and are more reliable during storms (Kreiter, 2001). Finally it can be seen that the use of the technology has gone to shape itself so that society can use it in a common fashion and affordable manner. The future prospects of this technology will depend on how well it copes with other advancing technology. Analysis Hughes Theory Hughes (1991) presented that, every technology or technological change will have political, economic and technical factors. This report will analyse the relationship between the political factors and the GPS technology. In this case, the U.S government realized that the GPS is a powerful and useful technology, so they have spent a lot of money to research it (El-Rabbany, 2002). The GPS was built for military purposes to increase the military might of the U.S and with this came political power (Andrade, 2001). It is evident because in 1991, the â€Å"Navster GPS† was used in the Persian Gulf War and with it; it gave the U.S an advantage over the Iraqis forces (DoD Report to Congress, 1992). For this positioning equipment, it can increase their control over land vehicles, ships, aircraft and precision-guided weapon around the world (Andrade, 2001). This gave the U.S a huge military advantage and gave victory to the U.S over the Iraqis. Winner’s Theory Winner (Beder 1998, p.72) presents theories that explain the relationship between politics and a certain technology. GPS, as mentioned was developed by the U.S military. However, politics is the main supplier to provide support to the development of this technology (Andrade, 2001). In this we can see that the military department was the one who developed the GPS, but its development was spurred by political needs. The government of U.S needed a technology that could monitor the movements of governments around the world. For this would give them an advantage over countries that should wish that wage war against the U.S (Andrade, 2001). For the GPS to be researched and developed, it required a huge sum of funding (El-Rabbany, 2002). Only through government grants, did the GPS project take place. (Andrade, 2001). This can be supported by Winner’s (Beder 1998, p.72) theory that a technology â€Å"appears to require or to be strongly compatible with particular kinds of power relationships†. With Winner’s theory, we can conclude that politics was the driving force to the creation of the GPS. This conclusion is made because political factors are the ones that govern the distribution of government money and fund, and through this, the GPS was provided the necessary funds to begin operations (Andrade, 2001). Basalla’s Theory Basalla (1988) introduced the idea of social and cultural choice involving the adoption of a certain technology. He also mentioned that an invention alters itself due to meet the needs of the society. The GPS was brought to use in the early 1990s and has since influenced the society gradually. Although the U.S. Department of Defence created the system to serve the sole purpose of military applications, it has evolved since its launch (Andrade, 2001). Through the needs of the general public and commercial demand, it has far transformed from its original role to aid in the transportation business, geographic research field and also in weather prediction and surface monitoring (El-Rabbany, 2002). This demonstrated Basalla’s (1988) theory of social and cultural choice, where the invention alters itself due to meet the desire of the user. It can be seen that the GPS has been put to different uses after its introduction although built for a different purpose. Conclusion Through the analysis of the study, it can be seen how political factors needs and goals were the driving force into the introduction of the GPS system. Built for military purposes, it has managed to strengthen the military might of the U.S forces rendering them an advantage as seen in the Gulf War. Through Hughes’ and Winner’s theories, it is evident to see the relationship that existed between the political factors and the GPS system. In concluding with Basalla’s views on social choices, it can clearly be seen that ultimately it was social choice that dictated how the GPS was used in the U.S. Used by the U.S for military purposes, but the constraints of public needs and demands, dictated that the uses of GPS be changed to meet its needs. In the past decade, the uses of GPS have increased tremendously rendering the world virtually smaller. Users are now able to communicate with each other even in remotest part of the world owing to this technology. In realizing the relations of the theories of technological developments with our daily lives, engineers are able to understand and more equipped towards the task are creating a more sustainable future.